Duty, if necessary, is paid by the recipient on arrival. The new American tariffs must be paid before the item is accepted for being sent from the seller. As Milpool has said, this means that, in our case, Canada Post must, through it's agents, take the tariff money before it accepts the package. If the US agent that receives the item judges the item is labelled wrongly then it refuses the package and the Canadian agent (Canada Post) must store it safely it until the problem is solved, which it has no facilities to do.
Therefor the tariff charge must be the highest possible to avoid refusal at the US border.
You don't seem to go beyond the dictionary definition of duty and tariffs without appreciating the practical difference, particularly since the US has decided, uniquely, that the tariffs must be collected in the sending country before the item enters the postal system, regardless of the duty rate. Nor do the documents you quote in any way address the Tariff rates which are independent of duty rates
So lets take the example of a 1000 EUR Rolleiflex made in Germany, imported to the U.S. and walk through the steps of a real-life case. From purchase to declaration etc.
THIS WAS ASSISTED BY AI AND MAY CONTAIN INACCURACIES
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