There is a fairly new video that offers a crash course in the history of art movements over time:
It is only 20 minutes or so and, as such, lives up to its title, “A Brief History of Art Movements.” In the many examples, photography is not mentioned and I think this is due to that medium‘s existence alongside the other mediums (drawing, painting, sculpture, collage, etc.). That, for me, answers the subject query by the OP which infers that photography had its own movements, separate from the rest of the art world. During the Dada movement, photographers produced work in that genre (Lazlo Maholy-Nagy) just like they did during Surrealism (Man Ray), and Abstract Expressionism (Aaron Siskind).