I sez it.
I went through the whole rigmarole back in the 70's and ended up with Tri-X at somewhere around 250-300. I found I am not alone - it seems everyone comes up around a stop short. So why not save an awful lot of film and chemistry and buy the wife something nice with the money you would have thrown away on a densitometer?
In any case a stop of safety margin and a stop's more shadow detail are nice things to have. I don't always meter to a gnat's backside of shadow detail. In my take the ASA/ISO speeds are the highest speed you can rate the film and still bring back Mr. Jones' "First Excellent Print." Going at the highest rated anything is something I have found to be a generally bad idea.
For color transparency it is a whole 'nuther matter.
I think it all started with the Illuminati.
"EXPOSING THE FILM
"He claims, all B&W film manufacturers fake (?) their ISOs. So (?), you should
always halve the ISO (i.e. shoot at 200 if you buy ISO 400, and then develop
at 20% less time than the manufacturer's recommended time.) "Everyone knows
and does this", he said... Use Zone System to expose the film."
How do urban myths and legends start? We're living in an age with the greatest access to information in history, but are the most misinformed.
That was the reason that was officially given. Not to promulgate a conspiracy theory, but maybe the film lobby had the safety factor removed so as to give the impression that films of the era were faster than practically speaking. The pragmatists simply adopted a 'divide box speed by 2' practice, to get them back to the results they used to get before the 1960 standard adoption! And the rest is unrecorded history.
So how did the '1/2 box speed' widespread belief arise, to get us back to OP question?It's a common misconception that the ASA speed was actually at the fractional gradient point. The fractional gradient point determined the minimum point of exposure that would yield an excellent quality print, but the film speed rating of the pre 1960 standard is actually an EI that was calculated based on the fractional gradient speed. Film speeds doubling after the 1960 standards proves the previous rating wasn't at the fractional gradient point, as does a number of papers.
Jones' testing didn't conclude that the Fractional Gradient point was the exposure aim, it concluded that exposure shouldn't fall below it. And that the method had the highest degree of agreement with the print judgement speeds.
......The reason so many people had the same results is because they were all using the same testing method. ....
first excellent print is just a cultural point of view though.
first excellent print is just a cultural point of view though.
culture A could define it as it is defined now, culture B could define it in what we would call 8 stops overexposed and 100% development, culture C could define it as what we would call 4 stops underexposed and -50% development.
Similarly anyone in any one culture could define it entirely differently from the consensus.
Its not an objective fact.
The First Excellent Print test is psychophysical.
Amen... and statistical too.The First Excellent Print test is psychophysical.
I use an alternative approach particularly in large format work. This is to give MAXIMUM USABLE exposure.
No, not maximum possible exposure but rather that exposure which fills the film with as much information as it can hold without blocking highlights where I want tonal gradation. A negative full of information offers the greatest versatility and expressive possibilities.
In modern times the role of N+. N, and N- development is worth discarding to be replaced by changing paper grades on the superb variable contrast papers now available. A change from paper grade #2 to grade #3 is remarkably equivalent to a N+1 development change, for example.
The possibility of split grade burning and dodging on variable contrast paper can achieve results the classic zone system cannot do.
I'll say the zone system is now effectively obsolete in terms of making the best possible black and white prints.
And in pursuit of maximum usable exposure I often find my light meter is set to half box speed.
The print studies were not as haphazard as that in asking observers to choose something "excellent". If I remember correctly the observers were specifically asked to choose prints that most accurately reproduced the subject values. The purpose after all, was emulsion speed. If a print is filled with featureless black wherever light in the scene was low, while clearly such an aesthetic might be subjectively deemed excellent or not from an artistic perspective, one would expect less diversity of opinion if observers are asked to judge prints based on how "realistic" they look. Obviously it's not at all perfect.
If a speed method is based on the minimum exposure required to record all the detail one typically sees in a scene, I would argue under all but extreme cases it allows for the broadest possible interpretation of the negative. It won't necessarily be ideal for everyone but no standard is.
Just some thoughts.
Most psychophysics studies involve a series of “forced choice” decisions. Of these two, which do you feel is better. An example: optometrist visit where a series of “of these two lenses, which looks best” tests are used to refine the individual prescription. The answer is specific to the individual. studies to determine “population preference “ will involve a large number of subjects and statistical data processing. The results will be generally consistent (correct) but individual differences (opinions) will still exist. But overall the “answer” will be, more often than not, “correct”.
Since it all seems to based on an subjective decision of what a good print looks like, I'll sticking to using that as my guide and leave the cobblygook to you tech folks. It is really not that difficult.
Let me just add the findings from the First Excellent Test and others are the basis of Tone Reproduction Theory.
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