Stop Bath.. How important?

alanrockwood

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Thanks for explaining your test results. I can identify one weakness in the study for plain water. I don't think the pH change is the main effect that slows and eventually stops development when using pure water, but rather from diffusion of developer out of the emulsion. As described the tests did would not probe the rate of diffusion of developer out of the gelatin.

Did you do densitometry testing to compare film processed using an acid stop bath vs. with water? There are at least three parts of such a test: 1) comparing the densities for the two cases using equal time in the developer. If they are different then 2) testing whether adjusting the development time of the water branch of the test could result in equivalent density/contrast, and 3) comparing evenness of development in the two cases.

By the way, I was trained as a physical chemist, so I am aware that the diffusion rate of hydrogen ion is very fast. Mechanistically, the usual reason put forward for the rapid diffusion of hydrogen ion is through a shuttle effect (the Grotthuss mechanism). This could be called an "effective diffusion rate" though I haven't seen that term used. Basically, if we could follow an individual hydrogen ion we would see that it does not actually have an extremely high diffusion rate. What happens instead is that a hydronium ion transfers a proton to a neighboring water molecule, leaving behind a water molecule in the location of a original hydronium ion and creating a new hydronium ion at a neighboring location. That hydronium ion can then transfer a proton (not necessarily the same proton) to one of its neighbors. Consequently, the proton that arrives at some destination is generally not the same proton that started the process.
 

Photo Engineer

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I did not do the tests. They were done by Tong and Liang of KRL and may be in the literature. I read internal documents and talked to both of them personally but do not have more detail except for some comments.

HQ, Metol, Phenidone and other reducing agents that develop are usually Anionic or non-Ionic and organic. They are large molecules compared to OH- and H+ ions as well as Borate, Sulfite and Carbonate to name a few. The developing agents are known to stay in film and paper into the fix unless removed somehow. Haist shows a plot of Metol removal and describes a lack of HQ test methods for retention. There is also a test for PPDs based on color.

With this in mind, a pH cycle has been determined to be the best method for removal of developing agents and this is best done by using an acid stop and an alkaline or neutral fix. This is exactly what is suggested by some for RA4 and C41 elsewhere, but has not been followed up on for B&W.

As for the shuffle, it could be measured using Deuterium, except that Deuterium is bigger than H+ and thus has different mass and diffusion rate.

I wonder how fast a Planck Star would diffuse?

All kidding aside, lots of these studies were undertaken for instant products and the development of stopping layers and timing layers. You will find that the pH drop is the most significant factor in cessation of development. That has been studied.

PE
 

falotico

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I wonder how fast a Planck Star would diffuse?



PE

I have been using a Planck Star in my stop bath for both negatives and prints but I can't compare diffusion rates because the relativity of time is all messed up. I get good highlights, though.
 

alanrockwood

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I have been using a Planck Star in my stop bath for both negatives and prints but I can't compare diffusion rates because the relativity of time is all messed up. I get good highlights, though.

"Good highlights" I love it.
 

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Stop bath is certainly better at halting development than water, but I have never used it nor have I ever seen any side effects. As someone had already stated, it would be beneficial in very short developing times, hence stronger developer used, hence need to shut it down on time as best possible. Having said that, I can't see a situation when such a development would be warranted except some very odd time and place.
 

alanrockwood

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ZPG? Now lets move on to the Casimir Effect.

Lets not lose the fact that a Stop helps for reasons related to pH drop and the presence of the developing agents and other things.

PE
 

alanrockwood

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Let's explore the issue further from a scientific perspective, but first let me be sure I understand the point(s) you are making.

Are you suggesting that a change of pH facilitates the removal of developer from the emulsion, or just that the change of pH simply deactivates the developer, presumably by changing it from an anion form to a neutral form, while leaving the developer in the emulsion? It is important to get this straight first because I am hearing more than one rationale in this thread for the purpose of stop bath, one being to stop further development, and another to prevent carryover of developer into the fixer.

Getting this straight is important because simply changing the developer from an anionic to a neutral form within the emulsion via a reversible acid/base reaction is not enough to prevent carryover of residual developer left in the emulsion unless the developer is actually removed from the emulsion prior to transferring the film to the fixer. This is particularly relevant if an alkaline fixer is used because if the pH of the fixer is very high the alkalinity of the fixer will simply convert the residual developer left in the film back to an active (anionic) form.

Also, are you suggesting that changing the developer from an anionic form to a neutral form will facilitate its diffusion out of the emulsion? Related to that question, are you suggesting that the anionic form will not diffuse out of the emulsion?

From a scientific perspective these concepts are important to clarify first. Then we can discuss the relative roles of pH (i.e. acid/base chemistry) vs. diffusion in the function(s) of an acid stop bath and a water stop bath.
 

tezzasmall

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Sorry, but I can't read any more posts about stop bath!!!!!....

I've glanced over the last dozen or so and that's it, so carry on if any of you want to but I'm going to ignore this thread from now on.

So now I've said that, do you all put milk in first or tea / coffee first? Answers on a postcard, but I can't guarantee I'll read any of them, although the used stamps will go to charity.

Terry S
 

alanrockwood

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I think it is useful to look at the from the point of view of an analogy. Suppose one is taking a 5 km trip by automobile. Consider two cases. A) The driver drives at 70 km/hr and then slam on the brakes just barely before getting to the destination. B) The driver decides to start the deceleration a little earlier, takes her foot of the gas and applies very light pressure to the brakes, i.e. decelerates in a more gentle manner. The driver in scenario B might even decide to coast to a stop.

Is scenario B more "effective" than scenario A? No. They arrive at the same end point, albeit in a slightly different manner. Is Scenario A more effective than scenario B? No. They arrive at the same end point, albeit in a slightly different manner. Are the two scenarios identical in every respect? No. One takes more time than the other, but if time is not of the essence then it doesn't matter which scenario to use. There are also other minor difference, e.g. in the amount of resources used.
 

Photo Engineer

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Alan, here is an example suggested by Haist. A Metol and HQ developer is run directly through a good wash and then a neutral or alkaline fix. This leaves behind a substantial amount of HQ and Metol. The wash should remove it. However, due to solubility (remember how hard it is to dissolve Metol, even if it is the Sulfate salt??), Metol and HQ can be left behind. What is found in testing, is that Metol can be removed in a Stop, and HQ can be removed in a neutral or alkaline fix! This is barely the tip of the iceberg so to speak.

Anchell and Troop quote Ansel Adams on stops and then stated the pros and cons based on Adams positive position. Haist gives details of tests by Henn and Crabtree related to uniformity and devotes about 20 pages to stops.

PE
 

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Case A in Control Theory is called Bang Bang Control and is more energy efficient than Plan B.
 

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So I wonder if, after 14 years and 641 posts, anyone using stop bath has shifted to water, and if anyone using water has shifted to stop bath? I have only been following the thread for about three years. but I have been using stop bath for forty five years, and continue to use stop bath, without any ill effects. If ever I find myself without stop bath, I'll use water until I have stop bath available again, all without losing any sleep.
 

alanrockwood

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Solubility issues throw an interesting twist into the analysis.
 

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There are many little known or hidden aspects of many analog photo materials which were investigated thoroughly at EK but are not widely known (if at all) outside of the company.

Among other things, the Henn and Crabtree work involved sheets of film imbibed with indicator dyes and then being studied for uniformity as a function of stop or wash with varying types of stop and also variations in agitation to look at uniformity.

Mason writes at length about his work in calculus describing the effect of wash, and I suspect that it also has great impact on a wash after development. I have posted quite a bit on this work in threads on washing.

PE
 
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Why use acetic acid when you can use citric acid? Cheap as dirt, less need be used and it has no smell.
I kind of like the smell. It certainly wakes me up when I accidentally sniff concentrated acetic acid fumes wafting out of a newly opened bottle. Especially if I've been enjoying a decent scotch in the darkroom before developing my film.
 
OP
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David, are you a Luddite? Well, blessings to you, my friend.
 
OP
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Would you (the global you, not the Blockend you) rather spend 30 seconds stopping development with cheap diluted (Thanks David Lyga) stop bath or 2 minutes fussing with multiple water changes? Let's assume you live in Arizona where water will soon become precious.
 
OP
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I'm baaack! (formerly schwinnparamount)
 
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Why can't the driver in scenario A be the woman? My mother would certainly have fit the profile of the scenario A driver while my father and come to think of it - my middle son - fit the B scenario to a tee.
 
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I'm actually going back and forth on the issue. I'll wait until Ron and Alan have come to agreement on the chemistry end of it. Although, I must say.. Ron played his ace card with the solubility argument. I am genuinely impressed with the dye tests that he describes. I may just stick with my acetic stop bath - although at a lower concentration.
 

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Film photography is all about fussing with liquids. Unless you can afford to send everything to a lab and professional printer, of course. People who consider the process convoluted, migrated to digital imaging years ago. Only the fussers are left, and we revel in it.
 

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Exactly, not that digital isn't convoluted, and certainly is capable of making one convulse.
 

blockend

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Exactly, not that digital isn't convoluted, and certainly is capable of making one convulse.
Digital tools lead people to believe that inside every bad photograph is a good one waiting to get out, if only you spend enough time tweaking. The general output suggests there's no photograph so bad that Lightroom and Photoshop can't make even worse.
 
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