I agree with c) and d).
I believe I understand the Zone System rather well and you aren't getting what you think you're getting. To start, the target values are wrong and flare doesn't seem to play a factor.
The current ISO does have a safety factor. C.N. Nelson's
Safety Factors in Camera Exposure is authoritative. It is the paper that lead to the 1960 standard (along with
Simple Methods of Approximating Fractional Gradient Speeds). All available
HERE.
Mark, because of Zone System testing methods, the results are different than the rhetoric would suggest. Think pre-1960 speeds with the one stop safety factor.