"Black and White Photography: A Basic Manual Third Revised Edition" by Henry Horenstein is a good one.
The tools used to control that slope, and through them the contrast behavior, include the following:
1) choice of film;
2) to a certain extent, choice of exposure level;
3) choice of developer;
4) dilution of developer;
5) temperature of development;
6) length of development time;
7) nature and extent of agitation.
I call these The Seven Pillars of Contrast.
I hope you find this helpful.
I call these The Seven Pillars of Contrast.
2. But, honestly, I cannot see the difference between the underexposed and underdeveloped photos. I'm sure with practice I'll gradually get the hang of it.
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It's crazy that you have seven knobs you can turn that all control one variable (the slope of the D vs exposure curve).
It's crazy that you have seven knobs you can turn that all control one variable (the slope of the D vs exposure curve).
This probably is only a part of the correct answer, but one reason should be that you cannot pull or push a certain film endlessly - to get the speed and contrast you want. The film needs to be designed for a certain range of light condition, you cannot produce an universal film.
he correct answer, but one reason should be that you cannot pull or push a certain film endlessly - to get the speed and contrast you want. The film needs to be designed for a certain range of light condition, you cannot produce
You mean like lith film?This is on the right track. A “high contrast” film is essentially one that has a relatively narrow effective exposure range when developed to a normal gradient.
There aren’t really any general purpose films like this, so it really isn’t something to worry about.
This might be a dumb question... When reading film reviews, the reviewer always talks about whether a particular film is high contrast or low contrast. But I know that contrast is something you can adjust ---- If you overexpose the film and do a pull when you develop, you reduce contrast; and if you underexpose and do a push, you increase contrast. Right?
A naive person might look at that and conclude that there's no such thing as a film's contrast: The manufacturer could easily have rated the film as a lower ISO and recommended a shorter development time and rewritten the marketing material to call it a low-contrast film.
So.... There must be a reason why "it's not that simple". Could someone explain to me what I'm missing? Thanks.
Could someone explain to me what I'm missing?
It's crazy that you have seven knobs you can turn that all control one variable (the slope of the D vs exposure curve).
Nothing!
If anything, what you're running into is the informal nature of people's writings and 'reviews' of stuff. Some people go out on a sunny day and photograph a street scene on Fomapan 400 and conclude it's a "high contrast film", because look at those vast deep/open shadows and bright highlights on that white wall! That it's the nature of the scene they photographed, primarily, is left out of the equation.
More subtle are the uncountable instances when people confuse the black-box behavior of their scanning setup with inherent characteristics of the film they use. They'll shoot a roll, not really have a good look at the negatives (or don't really know what to look for in them; see point 2 you made in #11), run the film through the scanner and they end up with either bland digital files or very contrasty ones. Hey presto - the film is bland resp. contrasty!
To make sense of such remarks, you need to take into account the context and in particular the entire workflow, and often also the expectations and experience/knowledge level of the people involved. This is why on forums like Photrio, there's always such a lot of discussion that goes on and on about basically methodological issues. It's ultimately all needed just to get on the same page!
I think an educated discussion could differentiate between lighting conditions and the inherent characteristics of different films....
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