Simple English steps to use FX-39

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koraks

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The solution will move faster than is necessary, and may cause surge marks.

No, it won't. This would mean that everything developed e.g. in a Jobo would come out uneven. It would mean that everything developed in a dip & dunk system with nitrogen agitation would come out uneven. It's not the case, evidently. The cause of agitation-related uneveness is due to unevenness in the actual flow patterns, most notably very turbulent flows along some part of the film surface and more laminar flows in other parts.

It's very visible e.g. on the older Jobo 2509 non-N reels in a 2500 tank and rotary agitation where the part of the film that touches the reel tends to exhibit these surge marks due to turbulence in those areas, while the center section of the sheet that's far away from any reels tends to be exposed to more laminar flow patterns.

Similar effects can be seen in a Paterson tank with a Mod54 holder where the 'fingers' of the holder create turbulence (much like the vortices emanating from the wingtips of an airplane) while the rest of the film is not exposed to these effects. The solution here is not to increase fluid levels or to reduce agitation, but to increase the frequency of agitation and to ensure that the agitation motion is brisk enough to expose the entire film to turbulent flow patterns. Additionally, adjustments to reel geometry may be necessary, such as in the case of Jobo adding the flaps to their 2509N reels.

I would be inclined to believe that more film is over-agitated
There's no such thing as 'over-agitated' film. The issue is uneven flow patterns.
 

John Wiegerink

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I always keep just a little air space in my tanks. I think it's important for folks a bit new at hand development to test exactly how much developer/stop/fixers is needed to cover the film, but not so much as to completely fill the tank jamb full. What I did was keep the lid off my tank and drop in a reel loaded with scrap film. then just pour in enough water to get the level well enough above the film. I like about 3/8" or a bit more. Now take the reel out an shake as much water as you can back into the tank itself. Take the tank of water and dump it into a measuring beaker and check the amount. I use that measurement for all films. Now, for surge marks you mention vs bromide drag? Many beginners to hand development don't know how to tell the difference, for which I will start a different thread.
 
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