Not sure what's happening these days, but there are or were techniques of boring holes and blowing in loose fluffy stuff or squirting in foam-in-place products. That approach could be difficult or impossible, and potentially less effective, depending on the actual wall construction. As someone said upthread, far easier to just do it in the initial project. There are some interesting materials made for finishing basements that are a sort of metalized bubble wrap stuff too -- relatively thin to put between furring strips on a masonry wall -- that might be worth a look for some applications.