Hello,
Concerning the resolution topic discussed by some members here above.
I am doing lens, film, developer (and lately sensor) tests for more than 20 years now, on a scientific basis.
Running a private, independent non-profit optic lab and a network of experienced photographers working on these subjects. We have more than 10,000 test shots here and have tested almost all films of the market during the years.
So I certainly can give you exact answers.
“A digital FF camera has today higher resolution than film”. We often hear this, even here on apug.
That is not true. Not in this absolute generalisation. The reality is more complex. In this generalisation it is an internet myth mostly spread by people who have never did proper tests by themselves. And it is based mostly on all this silly scanned film vs. digital comparisons. But these are not analog vs. digital tests: It are all digital vs. digital tests. A scanner is a kind of digital camera. And scanners, even the best drum scanners, cannot capture the full resolution of film. But Apo enlarging lenses and high quality projection lenses can do, at least much better than even drum scanners (we tested that all over the years).
The resolution with sensors is limited by the Nyquist frequency. This is a physical barrier. It is impossible to get more. With the best lenses you can come quite close to this limit (about 5-10% beneath the limit). For example with the Nikon D800E we’ve got 90-95 lp/mm with the best lens. And 105-110 lp/mm with the Canon 5Ds.
But these are only values for black and white subjects! Because of the Bayer pattern (50% of the pixels with a green filter, 25% for red and blue), as Alan above has already explained, it is much less (40% less on average, depending on the sensor and software).
With film we don’t have these problems: There is no Nyquist limit with film, and green, red and blue are recorded at 100% all.
So let’s have a look at the test results of those who have done very detailed, scientific tests:
Carl Zeiss:
Zeiss published system resolution (Zeiss lens + film) values in their camera lens news 17, 19, 20, 24 and 30. Object contrast about 1:32 (five stops). Some examples:
Velvia 50: 160 lp/mm (lp = linepairs per millimetre)
Velvia 100F: 170 lp/mm
Acros 100: 160 lp/mm
T-Max 100: 180 lp/mm
Agfa APX 25 : 200 lp/mm
Agfaortho 25 : 250 lp/mm
Spur Orthopan UR: 400 lp/mm (with 25mm ZM Biogon at f4; 400 lp/mm is the diffraction limit of white light at f4!)
160 lp/mm with Velvia 50 is the value Fuji has published for this film for an object contrast of 1:1000 (10 stops). The resolution values Fuji has published are very conservative, especially the ones of their color films. I've seen results from a collegue who achieved even higher results at medium contrast than Fuji has published for high contrast.
That is all right and not a contradiction because:
Resolution is dependant on object contrast, but it is not a linear relation, but following "the law of diminishing returns". It is an asymptotic curve.
It doesn't matter much whether you have 6 or 10 stops object contrast, the resolution is almost the same.
But it does matter whether you have 0,5 or 2 stops object contrast. In this range there is an almost linear relation (see camera lens news no. 30 for further details). In this low contrast range up to 1,5 stops the modern 24 MP and 35 MP 24x36 sensors have a very good resolution performance and are better than most films (not all films). But from 1,5 stops on and higher, in the medium and higher contrast range, modern films (especially color reversal films, tabular grain BW films and of course microfilms), show a significantly higher resolution. Because they are not limited by the Nyquist frequency like digital sensors.
Tests from our team:
We have tested all the films with a relative low object contrast of 1:4 (two stops). Lenses were Nikkor AI-S 1,8/50 (long barrel version) and Zeiss ZF 2/50 at f5,6 (and some others as well).
Both lenses have the same performance in the center at f4 and f5,6, but the Zeiss is generally better at the corners and at f2 and 2,8.
Some test results from our resolution tests (Nikon F6, MLU, MC-30, 1/250s, focus bracketing, Zeiss ZF 2/50, f5,6, Nikkor AI-S 1,8/50, object contrast 1:4; Berlebach Report 3032; the first resolution value represents the number of clearly separated lines, the second one the resolution limit where still a contrast difference can be seen):
Adox CMS 20 and CMS 20 II/ Spur Orthopan UR developed in: Spur Nano Edge, Spur Nanospeed UR, Spur Modular UR, Adotech, Adotech II: 240 - 260 Lp/mm
That is the physical diffraction limit for white light at f5,6 !
Agfa Copex Rapid; ISO 40/17°; Spur Modular UR New, Spur Dokuspeed: 165 – 180 Lp/mm
TMX, developed in HRX: 135 - 150 Lp/mm
Retro 80S, HRX, ISO 25/15°: 135 – 145 lp/mm
Delta 100, HRX: 130 – 140 lp/mm
Acros 100, HRX: 115 – 130 lp/mm
Pan F+, HRX: 110 – 130 lp/mm
Fuji Velvia 50: 110 – 125 Lp/mm
Fuji Sensia 100: 120 – 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Provia 100F: 125 – 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Astia 100F: 120 – 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Velvia 100: 125 – 140 Lp/mm
Fuji Velvia 100F: 125 – 140 Lp/mm
Kodak E100G: 120 – 135 Lp/mm
Kodak Elitechrome 100: 120 – 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Provia 400X: 105 – 115 Lp/mm
Fuji Superia Reala 100: 105 – 115 Lp/mm
Fuji Pro 160 C: 100 – 115 Lp/mm
Kodak Ektar: 90 – 105 Lp/mm
We’ve further done all the relevant tests in the following imaging chain: Optical printing, slide projection, scanning (both with 4000ppi semi-professional scanners and high-end drum scanners).
Optical printing and slide projection delivers by far the the highest resolution. With excellent lenses you can transfer the above listed resolution values with only a minimal (not relevant) loss onto paper and on the projection screen!
The resolution loss with high-end drum scanners (e.g. Imacon X5 and ICG 370 HS) is significant, the resolution performance is worse compared to optical printing with enlarging lenses and slide projection.
The biggest resolution loss and worst performance deliverd the Nikon Coolscan 5000 scanner.
It’s resolution limit is 65-70 lp/mm at this object contrast of 1:4.
Tests from Tim Parkin:
http://www.onlandscape.co.uk/2011/12/big-camera-comparison/
http://static.timparkin.co.uk/static/tmp/cms20-vs.jpg
https://www.onlandscape.co.uk/2014/12/36-megapixels-vs-6x7-velvia/
Tests from Antora et.al and Heuer et.al:
http://www.aphog.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=401&Itemid=1
Best regards,
Henning