There are three advantages to putting filters behind the lens.
1. Less concern for flare since the filter is not exposed to direct light.
2. No need for holders when using gel filters - just attach them with a small bit of tape. Can't do that on the front because wind could cause the gel to flop around.
3. Less risk that the filter holder will cause vignetting..
On the other hand, it's a PITA to have to remove the lens board to attach the filter. And when using something other than gel filters, standard filter holders may not work - not all LF lenses have a threaded rear element.