Always Go Too Far
The only reason this is secret #2 instead of #1 is that you must determine local contrast first. Otherwise this topic is just as important—maybe more so. Here’s what the go too far rule is all about:
When you focus the lens of your camera, you never go directly to the point of sharpest focus. You must instead run back and forth over this point several times in order to recognize where it is. You know it is the point of sharpest focus only because you have been able to see less sharp points on either side of it for comparison. You could not possibly focus a lens adequately if you were forced to move the lens only one time, in one direction. It does not matter how many years experience you have in photography, you still must focus your lens in this trial-and-error way. You will never be able to tell where sharp focus is, unless you can also see where it is NOT.
The same is true in print making. You will never reach the point where you can look at a print and be able to determine if the exposure and contrast of that print are the best they can be. Just as in the focusing example above, you must have something to which you can compare. You must be able to see where exposure and contrast are NOT adequate in order to know where they are adequate. Hence, the go too far rule.
This means that with every negative you print, not matter how much your natural tendencies lead you in another direction (and they will), you must go too far in every possible direction.
You cannot know that the print you have made exhibits optimal local contrast unless you have in your hands for comparison, prints that are obviously too flat and obviously too contrasty. Therefore, no matter how certain you may be that your print exhibits adequate contrast, you must make prints that are both higher and lower in contrast. You should do this in half grade steps until you arrive at a print in which you are certain that contrast is too high or too low. Always be sure to test in both directions. You must have both extremes for comparison.
Do the same with exposure as you do with contrast. Make sure you have prints in which the exposure was too much and too little. This is a bit easier to do than with contrast, but is just as important. You cannot know that exposure was correct unless you have a range of test prints (whole prints, not strips) that are definitely too dark on one end of the range and too light on the other.
Follow this go too far rule throughout the printing process. When you dodge or burn an area, keep adding to the dodge or burn times until you reach a point where you have gone too far. Only then can you successfully determine which preceding dodge or burn time was the correct one. In absolutely everything you do in the print making process, burning, dodging, contrast, exposure, flashing—go too far in every possible direction. If all this sounds like a lot of extra work, it isn’t…
This is necessary work, not extra work. If you don’t do it, your prints will not be nearly as good as they will if you do it. It’s that simple. This is what the big guns in photography do when making a print. If you do it too, your prints will be a lot better, very soon. If you don’t acquire this habit, your prints will never get where you want them to be, because you cannot tell when a print is right unless you have prints that aren’t right, in every possible direction, to which you can compare it!