This is a picture of the outside thing that I know can mess with aperture settings. It's on the white circle.
These are the backs of the lenses in question: on the left, a 50mm f/3.5 macro, which works with the body; on the right, a 28mm f/2.8, which does not work. To my untrained eye, these mechanisms look the exact same, other than that the 28's seem to have gaps under the silver things while the 50's mechanism has full, silver-colored bars.
I set the 50 to f/8...
... and the lollipop moves! Just like it's supposed to.
Now, with the 28 on the body:
It's set to f/5.6...
And yet the viewfinder lollipop is set as if the lens is at 2.8.
I hope that some of the images illuminate the problem. Thank you.