I find what 2F/2F says very convincing. Just to visualize it, imagine a portrait where the main light is a very lateral one (going by heart, Churchill's portrait by Karsh). Pointing the dome at the camera would bring overexposure. One does not want to "average" light and shadow, but to expose for light and then devise and use shadows to give more or less volume, "drama" etc. to the subject, so it is the main light that should drive the exposure.
Rule number one with light meters is to always remember that regardless of what is measured the meter always displays a reading that should place that measured brightness as middle grey.
By pointing the incident meter at the source light you are choosing to measure something closer to highlight placement, as you might with a spot meter.
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sigh... Like the Nike commercial goes..... JUST DO IT!.. .Like many others, I use Incident metering almost all the time, and I point the meter back at the camera...I am amazed at the confusion of what is really an 'average' metering system that meters what the camera sees, not what is reflected back from your subject. It gets more complex for studio work with multiple light sources, but again the main light is what you meter for. Like any exposure, if you are doing close up work, there will likely be some adjustment requiring more exposure.
That said, ALL meters are different, ALL shutters are different, YMMV, you will need to work up tests for your own camera/lens/meter/film/development combination...
Amen. Be sure to bring a friend with a DSLR, too.
Collins is most correct, and it is a damned shame that so many will unbudgingly argue otherwise without even thinking about it, because it is what they have always been told and what they have always done./QUOTE]
Listen to Collins and 2F/2F. Aim the meter at the camera. That is how it was designed. Aiming at the light source will give you a reading, but that reading is useless.
When all else fails, read the manual!
Steve
Pointing an incident meter at the source rather than the camera will provide a reading that creates an underexposure.
If you want to average the light falling on a plane running through the subject that is parallel to the film plane, then point the dome at the camera.
But why and how often would you actually want to do this as a matter of course?
Yes; instruction manuals say to point the meter at the camera. What a handicap and a disservice! Sometimes it takes a thinking and constantly working independent user in the field to figure out how to use something to its best benefit, not a designer.
But think about why you want to do that first. What averaging does is to compromise between two ideal exposures for two respective parts of the image. It gets a printable neg in most situations. But if you want to preserve the lighting ratio that exists at the scene without overexposing, especially important when shooting positives, you meter the brightest light that is illuminating the part of the subject for which you want to expose.
If you don't like what metering the brightest side does to the subject, then you probably aren't properly visualizing what the ratio of light you are shooting will look like on film.
The big reason we use incident meters is because they do not do that! That is what reflected meters do. Pointing an incident meter at the main light source will make mid-toned things midtones, dark things dark, and light things light when we make a normal print.
Incident readings aren't useful for the zone system though.
Incident trumps reflective (even one degree spot), every time.
The main issue here is reflectivity of the subject.
Okay, I understand why you would use the spot meter and zone system for bw. Especially with landscapes and architecture, for example. I understand that. But, if I am taking a very close up portrait, do I really need to use spot/zone for the skin tone? Why wouldn't an incident meter work the same in this instance? I mean, you are so close, you are certain to be in the same light, unlike far away landscapes. Thoughts?
The cases where incident light metering might not give you what you expected is with pure white or pure black objects. Incident light metering abstracts totally from the reflectivity of the subject, but if let's say the subject is very very white, such a reading might place your subject in a zone of the characteristic curve of the film where you don't have much texture.
So when using incident reading with a "milk white" subject, you would close a bit more than what suggested by your light meter. That's probably more true with small format than with MF or LF where film retains more details in the extremes "zones".
That said, with skin tones incident light metering is the best thing because you don't have to worry about the skin tone of the subject: any skin tone will be rendered well.
On the other hand, if it's a model in a wedding dress you are taking pictures of, or with a pure white hat, than, as said above, some caution might be used and some compensation applied.
Fabrizio
PS As ever when talking about precise exposure, what above is mainly true with slide film. If using negative, and especially B&W negative, you have ample overexposure room and you dodge/burn as appropriate during the printing stage.
I have never worked in a studio, but I know from experience that Lee knows what he's talking about.
And, incident metering works all the time, regardless of what the lighting is. The key is to meter at the object, pointing the dome to the camera lens opening general direction. The idea is that your meter should see the light that your camera lens is photographing.
It doesn't matter if the object is very bright, very dark, or if it's all mid-tones; the tones will be rendered correctly if you meter this way.
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