As the others have said, that is a Manfrotto / Bogen hexagonal QR plate. Most of these plates mount to the camera with a thumbscrew, but you have the variant that mounts to the camera with the large flathead screw in the middle. You can unscrew that with a screwdriver, and then mount your tripod directly to the camera.
The Manfrotto/Bogen 3047 3-way pan head is a good though heavy head that takes the QR plate and can support a monorail. There was also a ball head that took the hex plate, though I don't think ball heads and monorails are a great mix. Until you get a matching head, I think it will be more secure if you remove the plate and screw the tripod to the camera.
The small screw heads in the plate are setscrews used for an anti-twist feature.