My first thought was "aerial photography", but there I have never seen film being handled other than still in the manufacturer's packaging or already on the spool within the camera film-magazine.
Though for intermediate storage such containers might make sense by saving on the bulky and costly magazines.
Their bayonet lock does not seem trustworthy though...
They are obviously film magazines with velvet light traps and internal spools, but beyond that it could be for any number of types of cameras.
Custom, one-off designs are common in the Military and Scientific community. I used to run across many unidentifiable film magazines and cameras at defense surplus auctions. Usually, unless the item had a ID badge on the part, it was unidentifiable other than for implied function.
I was assuming all large format aerial cameras had the film on open reels in their magazines, but there are indeed models that take proprietary cassettes.
I know set-ups in big planes with complete magazines in racks. But yes, the use of cassettes might yield a volume and weight benefit, especially if feed and take-up cassettes would be interchangable.
The 5" rolls might have been for aerial cameras not permanently mounted...just a guess due to the smaller film size. If light tight = water tight, one might be able to drum process (rather awkwardly) a sheet of 4x5 film in one.