The Irony of Ansel's Conservationism

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pbromaghin

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From the introduction to The Portfolios of Ansel Adams, 1977:

"Ansel Adams was born in 1902, in San Francisco. He began to photograph the landscape of the American West more than fifty years ago, before the Model A had begun to replace the Model T. Before that time there were no superhighways, no motels, and no passenger airlines. San Francisco and New York were, by crack train, four splendid days apart.

In those days the world was still a reasonably commodious place, and it was natural to assume that its various parts would retain their discrete, articulated character if they could be protected from the depredations of the lumber, mineral, and water barons. Conservation was a matter of seeking the support of the people against the encroachment of the powerful few. If one could describe in photographs how much like Eden was Yosemite Valley the electorate would presumably save it from its exploiters. It was not foreseen that the people, having saved it , would consider it their own, nor that a million pink-cheeked Boy scouts, greening teenage backpackers, and middle-aged sightseers might, with the best of intentions, destroy a wilderness as surely as the most rapacious of lumbermen, who did his damage quickly and left the land to recover if it could.

It has developed, in other words, that to photograph beautifully a choice vestigial remnant of natural landscape is not necessarily to do a great favor to its future. This problem is now understood, intuitively or otherwise, by many younger photographers of talent, who tend to make landscapes of motifs that have already been fully exploited and that have therefore nowhere to go but up. It is difficult today for an ambitious young photographer to photograph a pristine snowcapped mountain without including the parking lot in the foreground as a self-protecting note of irony.

In these terms Adams' pictures are perhaps anachronisms. They are perhaps the last confident and deeply felt pictures of their tradition. It is possible that Adams himself has come to sense this. The best of his later pictures have about them a nervous intensity that is almost shrill, a Bernini-like anxiety, the brilliance of a violin string stretched tight.

It does not seem likely that a photographer of the future will be able to bring to the heroic wild landscape the passion, trust, and belief that Adams has brough to it. If this is the case, his pictures are all the more precious, for that then stand as the last records, for the young and the future, of what they missed. For the aging -- for a little while -- they will be a souvenir of what was lost.

John Szarkowski"
 

MurrayMinchin

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That's a very lower 48, United States centric view.

Lots of Wilderness left in Canada, Alaska, and many other parts of the world. It's about 700 Km as the crow flies from where I live on BC's north coast to Vancouver, and I bet I could walk there down the Coast Range without having to jump a single fence.

Things are changing globally, however, in a way Szarkowski never saw coming, but there are still wild places left in this world.
 

snusmumriken

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That's a very lower 48, United States centric view.

Lots of Wilderness left in Canada, Alaska, and many other parts of the world. It's about 700 Km as the crow flies from where I live on BC's north coast to Vancouver, and I bet I could walk there down the Coast Range without having to jump a single fence.

Things are changing globally, however, in a way Szarkowski never saw coming, but there are still wild places left in this world.

Murray, you are a very fortunate chap. Enjoy it while you have it around you. Appearances are deceptive, though. I’m not an alarmist, but equally it’s dangerous to assume that all is well because it looks ok superficially. I have toured Canada (including the wonderful NE coast) as a wildlife biologist, and I found the wilder parts to be much less unaltered than I had hoped. There is by now a large scientific literature documenting the surprisingly broad impacts of penetrating infrastructure like roads, pipelines, power lines, railways, skidoos/snow scooters, etc on wildlife. These are creeping effects that presage the ever increasing intrusion of human interests. Protection through, for example, National Park status brings its own problems. The best guardians of wilderness areas are the bugs 🦟!
 

MurrayMinchin

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Murray, you are a very fortunate chap. Enjoy it while you have it around you. Appearances are deceptive, though. I’m not an alarmist, but equally it’s dangerous to assume that all is well because it looks ok superficially. I have toured Canada (including the wonderful NE coast) as a wildlife biologist, and I found the wilder parts to be much less unaltered than I had hoped. There is by now a large scientific literature documenting the surprisingly broad impacts of penetrating infrastructure like roads, pipelines, power lines, railways, skidoos/snow scooters, etc on wildlife. These are creeping effects that presage the ever increasing intrusion of human interests. Protection through, for example, National Park status brings its own problems. The best guardians of wilderness areas are the bugs 🦟!
Hi Johnathan,

We're fortunate to have a boat which allows us to explore the most isolated nooks and crannies on BC's central & north coast for several weeks without having to come back in for fuel. Within an hour of anchoring in a small cove behind a reef in the Estevan Group last summer (click below, then zoom out for a sense of scale)

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Estevan+Group/@53.0432298,-129.6473857,28185m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x5472087c718e7471:0xf90158444da6d3b5!8m2!3d53.0859654!4d-129.6862053!16s/m/043p9_3?entry=ttu

...we heard about 15 wolves howling, saw two deer playing tag on the beach, an Osprey was diving, a Great Blue Heron stalked the shallows, Bald Eagles were cruising and calling along the shoreline trees, Ravens called in the forest, flocks of Plovers rose & fell on the beach, the bugling of Sandhill Cranes echoed from the back of the cove while Seagulls, Cormorants, and Surf Scoters paddled past the boat. I've probably forgotten a few species.

We've been in some anchorages where we stayed for a week and never saw, or even heard, another boat. Sure, there's been negative impacts from logging in some areas and commercial fishing of salmon coast wide, but the resilience of this area is remarkable.

When my wife and I started sea kayaking 35 years ago we rarely saw, and could go years without seeing, Humpback Whales. A research project, Cetacea Lab, was started in 2002 when 42 Humpbacks were spotted and their numbers grew to 420 by 2016: https://coastalfirstnations.ca/a-humpback-resurgence/ Last year we saw a group of 14 Humpbacks only 15 minutes after leaving our marina at the head of Douglas Channel and they are now a common, daily sight during summer and fall seasons.

I optimistically look at things in geologic timescales...all the mountains around here have rounded shoulders up to 5,500 feet, after which they become jagged and knife edged. This means the richness that is the Great Bear Rainforest was under 5,500 feet of ice during the last ice age until around a mere 10,000 years ago. Sure, migrating waterfowl probably darkened the skies here before I was born and salmon numbers were huge in comparison, but given a chance, Nature will find a way...if we stand aside and let it happen.

Ice ages and warming spells come & go...ocean acidification is my great worry.

I do see where Szarkowski is coming from. I remember hearing a public service announcement on the radio during a visit to the US giving people contact information on where to find a forest. That's not a problem where I live, and millions of tourists aren't here either to the dismay of all the mosquitos, black flies, horse flies, deer flies, noseeums, etc.

To put things into an even clearer perspective; Canada and California both have a population of 40 million, while Canada has 10,000,000 square Kilometres of elbow room and California has only 425,000 square Kilometres.

Szarkowski's frame of reference was a wee bit more cramped up than mine!
 
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snusmumriken

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Fantastic place to be, for sure. I took the ferry up the Inside Passage from Vancouver Island to Skagway via Prince Rupert in 1996, and actually saw many Humpbacks (very close) and lots of other wildlife. I backpacked inland from there to Kluane Lake and Whitehorse and greatly enjoyed the solitude, before I had to head for Ontario, then Saskatchewan and back to Vancouver. I admit that I was deliberately looking for the Hand of Man, and therefore I can bore for hours about the negative things I noticed or learned about from other scientists. But as per your note, it is always more pleasant to enjoy the positives. I envy you, and wish I could be in that part of the world again.
 

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Few people have written about photography with the vision, intelligence and brilliance of Szarkowski. Thanks for the quote, pbromaghin.

Murray, you are indeed lucky, but I don't share your view about our "elbow room." In Quebec, you have to go further and further to find true wilderness, and, if it may seem unaltered, that is just an illusion.
 

Alex Benjamin

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I am missing the irony. Can someone help me out here?

Ansel, both through his photography and activism, helped create the national parks in order to preserve the wilderness, to prevent these lands (and landscapes) from being exploited, but they have been so popular as tourist destination—with everything bad that comes with that—that these intentions have been defeated in ways Adams did not foresee.
 

MurrayMinchin

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Yup, appears you've experienced Wilderness in your travels.

I agree with much you say, and have to admit that the lasting impact of my photography will probably be as historical records of what plant species were here during my time and how that may change over the coming centuries.

Just don't agree with Szarkowski's defeatist, carpet bombing future photographers who choose to seek out Nature's wild places when he says, "It does not seem likely that a photographer of the future will be able to bring to the heroic wild landscape the passion, trust, and belief that Adams has brough to it. If this is the case, his pictures are all the more precious, for that then stand as the last records, for the young and the future, of what they missed. For the aging -- for a little while -- they will be a souvenir of what was lost."

Lots of wild places left!
 

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Lots of wild places left!

I'd say that by putting it that way, you are acknowledging Szarkowski's defeatism. "Lots of wild places left" implies that many have gone. And yes, there may be many (some?) left, but how are you going to preserve them as wilderness if they are the only remaining places left people will go to find wilderness?

Szarkowski's statement was made in the mid-70s. It was both political, addressing the destruction of the very idea of "wilderness" through overcrowding (i.e., is it still the wilderness if you have thousands of people around you?), and esthetic. It may seem pessimistic, but it doesn't come close to describing how bad it's gotten.

Just reading an excerpt of the official report on overcrowding in national parks gives a sense of it:

In 2020, overall visitation dropped to a 40-year low due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet one-third of parks had at least one month of record visitation as people sought the physical and mental benefits of being outdoors. In 2021 and 2022, park visitation increased from 2020 levels and is now comparable to levels seen in the years just prior to the NPS Centennial of 2016. In 2021, the most recent year of complete data, the National Park Service received 297 million recreation visits.

Overall visitation is increasing throughout most of the system and half of all recreation visits occur in the top 25 most-visited parks. While significant congestion conditions are concentrated in a dozen or so of the most-visited parks, other parks with lower annual visitation have also experienced congestion and traffic issues over the last few years. Crowding conditions tend to happen at hotspots and where entries and exits are limited. Crowding can also be felt at the most popular scenic viewpoints that are within one-quarter mile of a parking lot.


Thinking of people seeking "the physical and mental benefits of being outdoors" in these conditions is a whole new level of irony.

 

faberryman

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Ansel, both through his photography and activism, helped create the national parks in order to preserve the wilderness, to prevent these lands (and landscapes) from being exploited, but they have been so popular as tourist destination—with everything bad that comes with that—that these intentions have been defeated in ways Adams did not foresee.

Yosemite Valley, which sees heavy tourist traffic in the summer, comprises only nine square miles and less than 1% of Yosemite. Over 95% of Yosemite is designated as wilderness and is unvisited except by backpackers. I'd hardly call that a defeat, nor would I call Ansel Adam's conservation efforts ironic.

A few years ago I went to Yosemite at the end of April for a workshop and then stayed over to explore on my own. It was not overrun. I relied on the train and bus to get there from San Francisco. There were no lines at the park entrance. I had no trouble getting reservations initially at a lodge near Yosemite Village and then, after the workshop was over, for one of the tents at Curry Village. The two cafeterias I used had no lines to speak of. It was a very pleasant experience, and the scenery was spectacular. Like most tourist destinations, you need to know the best times to visit.
 
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knj

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Enjoy a bit of catch and release bass fishing in central Illinois. Anyone can catch a fish when the fish are biting. The champion fisher people catch them when they are not.
 

faberryman

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Thinking of people seeking "the physical and mental benefits of being outdoors" in these conditions is a whole new level of irony.

If you want to enjoy "the physical and mental benefits of being outdoors", you have to be outdoors, which means getting out of your car, putting on your hiking boots, and going for a walk in the woods. Driving around, stopping only to eat and buy stuff at the gifts shops, isn't going it do it.
 
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VinceInMT

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It’s likely that when most people think of “wilderness” it conjures up images of forests and mountains but there is plenty of “wilderness” where those pesky trees aren’t blocking your view. Here in eastern Montana, I am surrounded by prairie, some of it farmed or ranched and much of it under the BLM (Bureau of Land Management) with miles upon miles of land that is great for hiking and camping. However, most people see this as barren wasteland and head with the crowds to nearby Yellowstone National Park where they sit in a 2-hour line to even get in.
 

Don_ih

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Whether or not a park is overrun by tourists is not even remotely like what happens when a quarry is set up, a strip mine is set up, or the land is used for some kind of industrial production.

This entire continent has been traveled, worked, and used by people for thousands and thousands of years. Just because there's no gas station doesn't mean it's never been visited and visiting alone is not enough to tame wilderness.
 

Arthurwg

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It's not that there are few wild places left, it's more about our interests and priorities that have shifted. That was then, this is now.

But having heard Szarkowski speak at MOMA years ago and read much of his writing I will say that he was the living god of photography.
 

Alex Benjamin

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Yosemite Valley, which sees heavy tourist traffic in the summer, comprises only nine square miles and less than 1% of Yosemite. Over 95% of Yosemite is designated as wilderness and is unvisited except by backpackers. I'd hardly call that a defeat, nor would I call Ansel Adam's conservation efforts ironic.

A few years ago I went to Yosemite at the end of April for a workshop and then stayed over to explore on my own. It was not overrun. I relied on the train and bus to get there from San Francisco. There were no lines at the park entrance. I had no trouble getting reservations initially at a lodge near Yosemite Village and then, after the workshop was over, for one of the tents at Curry Village. The two cafeterias I used had no lines to speak of. It was a very pleasant experience, and the scenery was spectacular. Like most tourist destinations, you need to know the best times to visit.

This is reassuring.

My comment, in response, so to speak, to Szarkowski's, wasn't that the is no wilderness left, or areas where one can escape to it. It's that you have to go further to find it, as opposed to Adams' time, and, therefore, as opposed to his intent when he lobbied for the creation of the national parks.

Whether or not a park is overrun by tourists is not even remotely like what happens when a quarry is set up, a strip mine is set up, or the land is used for some kind of industrial production.

Indeed. Hence the shift in landscape photography since Adams' time, and envisioned by Szarkowski, in which the purpose is no longer to celebrate the wilderness in a very 19th-century-rooted philosophy and esthetics, but to bare witness to its exploitation and progressive destruction.
 

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One should also consider that large portions of Central and South American "wilderness" actually have grown over entire cities and full civilizations that, at one time, flourished there. In Europe, other people built on such places. Down there, however, nature ate whatever remained.
 

Sirius Glass

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Hi Johnathan,

We're fortunate to have a boat which allows us to explore the most isolated nooks and crannies on BC's central & north coast for several weeks without having to come back in for fuel. Within in an hour of anchoring in a small cove behind a reef in the Estevan Group last summer (click below, then zoom out for a sense of scale)

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Estevan+Group/@53.0432298,-129.6473857,28185m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x5472087c718e7471:0xf90158444da6d3b5!8m2!3d53.0859654!4d-129.6862053!16s/m/043p9_3?entry=ttu

...we heard about 15 wolves howling, saw two deer playing tag on the beach, an Osprey was diving, a Great Blue Heron stalked the shallows, Bald Eagles were cruising and calling along the shoreline trees, Ravens called in the forest, flocks of Plovers rose & fell on the beach, the bugling of Sandhill Cranes echoed from the back of the cove while Seagulls, Cormorants, and Surf Scoters paddled past the boat. I've probably forgotten a few species.

We've been in some anchorages where we stayed for a week and never saw, or even heard, another boat. Sure, there's been negative impacts from logging in some areas and commercial fishing of salmon coast wide, but the resilience of this area is remarkable.

When my wife and I started sea kayaking 35 years ago we rarely saw, and could go years without seeing, Humpback Whales. A research project, Cetacea Lab, was started in 2002 when 42 Humpbacks were spotted and their numbers grew to 420 by 2016: https://coastalfirstnations.ca/a-humpback-resurgence/ Last year we saw a group of 14 Humpbacks only 15 minutes after leaving our marina at the head of Douglas Channel and they are now a common, daily sight during summer and fall seasons.

I optimistically look at things in geologic timescales...all the mountains around here have rounded shoulders up to 5,500 feet, after which they become jagged and knife edged. This means the richness that is the Great Bear Rainforest was under 5,500 feet of ice during the last ice age until around a mere 10,000 years ago. Sure, migrating waterfowl probably darkened the skies here before I was born and salmon numbers were huge in comparison, but given a chance, Nature will find a way...if we stand aside and let it happen.

Ice ages and warming spells come & go...ocean acidification is my great worry.

I do see where Szarkowski is coming from. I remember hearing a public service announcement on the radio during a visit to the US giving people contact information on where to find a forest. That's not a problem where I live, and millions of tourists aren't here either to the dismay of all the mosquitos, black flies, horse flies, deer flies, noseeums, etc.

To put things into an even clearer perspective; Canada and California both have a population of 40 million, while Canada has 10,000,000 square Kilometres of elbow room and California has only 425,000 square Kilometres.

Szarkowski's frame of reference was a wee bit more cramped up than mine!

I had to take a boat to Vancour Island to see a Bald Eagle in the wild for the first time.
 

TheFlyingCamera

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One should also consider that large portions of Central and South American "wilderness" actually have grown over entire cities and full civilizations that, at one time, flourished there. In Europe, other people built on such places. Down there, however, nature ate whatever remained.

That would be somewhere I'd love to go if I had a time machine- pop back to the Yucatan in 1000 AD at the height of the Maya civilization to see what it actually looked like.
 
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That would be somewhere I'd love to go if I had a time machine- pop back to the Yucatan in 1000 AD at the height of the Maya civilization to see what it actually looked like.

Your head may have wound up hanging from the tent pole of one of the Mayan chieftains. 😟
 

4season

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But is it a mistake to place the "blame" on the likes of Ansel Adams, considering that as far back as 1872, Yellowstone, the first USA National Park, was conceived as "a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." (see "The First National Park Emerges" here: https://www.nps.gov/articles/npshistory-origins.htm).

Contrast this with the Russian concept of the Zapovednik, which at least in theory, were not conceived as leisure areas, and in fact, access by the public is restricted.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapovednik

But in any event, Yosemite Valley is but a small part of Yosemite National Park, with much of the high country remaining inaccessible to the public for much of the year due to heavy snow.
 
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