It's hard to generalize about these things. There are cases where I'd prefer a particular combination of teleconverter and prime lens over a zoom, but I've also used a fairly marginal Komura medium format 2x converter, which was commonly available in the 1970s for many lens mounts, and I can't express much enthusiasm for it. There are two common designs of 2x converters--a six-element and a four-element, and generally the six-element converters are better, and there are some that are matched to particular prime lenses. 1.4x converters are a less extreme proposition, because they don't magnify the flaws of the prime lens as much.
An important question is what your actual options are. If you have a 300mm lens and a 2x, and you need a 600mm lens for the image you want to make, but don't have a 600mm, are you better off using the 2x or cropping the image made with the 300mm? Probably better off with the 2x than cropping, unless you can't afford the loss of 2 stops for other reasons, like you need a higher shutter speed to stop motion. You do what you can with what you've got, until you decide it's worth buying that long tele.