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superadditivity phenidone/citric acid

Gerald C Koch

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I believe you mean ascorbic acid since citric acid is not a developing agent.

Phenidone and ascorbate ion do form a super additive mixture. However what is envolved is not a simple substitution of ascorbic acid for hydroquinone. As has been mentioned several times on APUG the resemblence between these two developing agents is superficial and several adjustments must be made to a hydroquinone developer to convert it into an ascorbate developer. To mention a very important difference between the two developing agents, hydroquinone is a is an uncharged molecule while ascorbic acid in solution is a negatively charged ion. This has a important effect on the adsorption of the developing species on the silver halide grains. To explain what occurs is very complex and anyone interested should read up on the development process in particular the Charge Barrier Effect.
 
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