Kind of. You can install a sheet of Instax Mini into a 2x3 film holder. But you have to do that in the dark, and then after exposing it, return it to the camera in the dark, so you can then feed it through the rollers for processing. I imagine something similar could be done for 4x5, but would be a good bit more involved. Plus, it wouldn't matter if you're just wanting to take exposure tests because the image area is so much smaller than the area of the 4x5 film, that you wouldn't be able to gleam much information from it anyway. That's the problem with using an iPhone as well.
In fact, I have a DLSR hookup for my 4x5 Sinar. The problem is that you only get a small fraction of the image exposed onto the sensor (and they don't focus at the same points). That's okay if you're plan is to just shoot digital only (it allows you to use tilts and shifts on your DSLR and makes stitching images together easier because the lens doesn't move, only the camera).
Your best bet for composition and exposure tests is to use a digital camera (or smart phone) and use a analogous lens (or in the case of smart phone, cropping setting) to the one used on your LF or MF camera. In other words, if you're shooting a building with a 4x5 camera using a 90mm lens, then you can use a 28mm lens on a FF DSLR (or 18mm on an APS-C sensor camera) and place it approximately in the same spot as the LF camera to judge basic composition and exposure.