The plastic piece with lens front on it is used to make an extra bellows into a lens shade. The octagonal holes it onto an octagonal rod. The other end of the rod fits into a similar hole on the front standard. The extra bellows clips into the piece.
The cable is part of the flash system for the Sinar shutter.
I've never tried to fit the pin on the shutter into the hole. I just attach the lens board in the proper orientation and it works for me.
About the lens aperture / shutter connection: so you're saying that the "nipple" should actually just push on the aperture lever at the point marked in yellow in the pic below?
If so, it's kinda strange, why is the lever (green outlined) shaped like it is and why is there a hole it it?
It happy to believe you, but the design of the lever makes me wonder.
The point being, if the nipple goes in the hole, that gives a slightly different aperture from if it pushes on the lever!