You might ask the photographer who gave you the equipment to go over it with you.
The filters are like any other filters. Sinar made 100mm square filters that fit on a filter holder that goes in front of the lens. The sets one usually find are color correction filters for fine tuning color, usually in the studio or for architectural work, but I suppose they may have also make other kinds of filters, like B&W contrast filters, in that size.
The filter holder consists of an octagonal rod (or is it hexagonal?--I don't have it in front of me) that attaches to the front standard in the matching hole, and a filter holder that slips over the rod. There are different configurations for the filter holder for round and square filters, and it rotates for use with a polarizer. It also swings 180-degrees out of the way, so you can adjust the polarizer without looking at the groundglass, or just get the filter out of the way while focusing. There should also be two plastic clips that slip over the rod, and you can clip a Sinar 4x5" bellows to the clips to use as an adjustable shade. There are also masking blades that fit in front of the shade, if you have them.
The "tubes" are probably extension rails that screw into the main rail.
The Symmar 360 of any vintage is a perfectly good lens for 8x10". You can date it from the serial number using the list on schneideroptics.com.