Since you've used another RB67, I presume you'll know this, but just for thoroughness: you did make sure both lens and body were cocked before mounting the lens, in each case, right? Following this, if it's a ProSD, it won't fire with an empty or unadvanced film magazine unless you put the double exposure lever in "double" mode -- but in that case, the body won't fire at all.
Are you saying the lens is open for viewing, then closes when the body fires, but without making the actual exposure? Or something else? (Okay, I see your addendum, you'd be able to see the shutter open and close with the rotating adapter off). Could the mirror lockup/prefire be set in the body, mismatching the selector on the lens?