Hello raduroachu, welcome to the site! There are a lot of good resources on the site, and many helpful people.
It sounds like a problem with either the revolving adapter.
You said you dissembled the setup to cock and fire the shutter without the back on. Was this successful?
Be 100% sure that the back and revolving adapter are fully seated in the portrait position. A slight out of position can block the camera from firing, because it thinks the back is not ready.
Remove the lens for the following tests, to isolate function of the body, revolving adapter and back.
Rotate the back into portrait position, then remove the back. Cock and fire the body. Is this possible?
Remove the back, and the revolving adapter. Can you cock and fire the body?
With the back and the revolving adapter removed, notice in the upper left and right corners on the rear of the camera, small levers that jump out when the body is fired. These levers signal, through he revolving adapter, the back the the body has fired. The levers need to function correctly and without sticking. Sometimes the levers get bent or loose.
With the back removed, and the revolving adapter installed, notice that a pin in the upper right of the rear of the revolving adapter, in landscape mode, jumps out when the body is fired. This pin needs to move freely and without sticking. Sometimes the pin is bent.