You've handled it as correctly as is possible for an amateur. The level of radioactivity in thoriated lens elements was very low when they were new, though it tends to climb very slowly over time (thorium has decay products that are more active than the parent isotopes); still, the only significant hazard even from dust and fragments of a shattered element are if you get them inside your body, where the alpha particle emissions are a known carcinogen. If you live in a radon zone and have a basement, you're at much higher risk from just living in your house than from cleaning up that broken lens element.
The thorium salt or oxide itself is dissolved into the glass, so it would have been glass dust you'd have inhaled if anything, and that's very unlikely; particles from shattering glass are much too coarse to float in the air (this is a hazard if you're grinding or polishing the lens element, but not for cleaning up a broken piece).