Hmm... I considered Graflex XL lenses too. For now I managed to remove the retaining nut from the back of the lens using two screwdrivers. The Polaroid 600 SE repair manual suggest a special lens spanner, but fortunately it wasn't neccessary. The lens and shutter then falls out easily from the helicoid, just unscrew the PC-cord connector.
A few measurements of the 150mm helicoid - these are approximations, I just used some cheap calipers:
Minimum focal flange distance, from film to inner point of lense mount flange at infinity ~ 142 mm
Maximum focal flange distance, at closest focus distance of helicoid ~ 161mm
This can be adjusted with extension rings, which add about 20mm or 40mm each.
Outer diametre of back element of 150mm lens ~ 29mm
Diametre helicoid opening behind flange ~ 45 mm(guesstimate).
I just ordered a Schneider Xenar 150mm f5.6, as it should fit (as can be seen from the photos linked above). From the measurements it seems also e.g. a Schneider Symmar-S 150mm 5.6 should work, if my measurements are correct (back element outer diametre 40,5mm), however the APO Symmar will probably not (back element diametre 46mm). My goal is to achieve rangefinder focusing with the Xenar. I guess it should be possible by shimming the lens... I will let you know how it goes.
Here is the helicoid with the lens removed: