I just completed work on my first Minolta SRT, and got to know those strings and pulleys pretty well! Yes it's possible to dismantle and reassemble the things, though I can understand someone wanting to give up in disgust upon seeing all of the things unravel. Service manual linked to in post 5 has useful tips on how to reassemble the things if/when they all come undone.
Yes unfortunately if you unseated the aperture ring, you've almost certainly caused the string to fall off the pulleys, and the second pulley from the right might now be ratting loose inside your camera.