My main question is, what kind of knowledge will this take to accomplish?
I'm guessing I will need to make standardized reference prints at all the different grades to base my conversions on
What I like about copystand camera digitization is I can set a single shutter speed, aperture, ISO setting for a whole roll or multiple rolls of the same film. If the light source is constant that means I can make direct exposure comparisons without real variance.
Depending on how you're getting the scanner input you could find that the scanned image doesn't have a constant exposure. That would be the first big problem I would try to solve in this.
Fog, film base color can have an impact. When I do the digitization I like to find a blank frame on the roll and snap it at the exact same settings. Then I can blur it a little and overlay it on the other images with the "divide" filter. This gets rid of the base and also helps with unevenness in the light source.
Just start with the curves in the datasheet of the paper of your choice. Using this, you should be able to get pretty far.
The main issue with your idea is what @loccdor also hints at above: you'll need to digitize the negatives and then output them with an absolute tonal scale - i.e. without any contrast adjustments. Apps like VueScan have provisions for this. Some brand-specific scanning software, such as Epson Scan, have something similar as well. You could also scan each negative along with a step tabled (Stouffer T2115 etc.) so that you have an absolute benchmark to start with.
The rationale is that if you apply the curves of the paper to absolute density scale of the negatives, you should be able to do a reasonably decent simulation of what an actual print would look like.
Not necessarily; you could do the above in 'theoretical space' all the way and get reasonably close. By means of validation, I would suggest doing some test prints of a step wedge at different grades and then compare that to the output of your to-be-made plugin/app.
Sounds like a nice project to play with; have fun!
PS: Welcome to Photrio!
I assume you are referring to the characteristic curves given here: https://www.ilfordphoto.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MULTIGRADE-RC-Papers-J20.pdf.
1. For grades 00 to 3, I can't even tell which line is which on the left hand side
2. How do I map the density value given (what is the unit for the y axis also?) to the luminance value in lightroom?
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