So, not the light that goes through the lens, but the light that hits the surface.
Well sure, the formal speed testing methods don't use a lens, etc., but simply the light required to produce a specified effect in the photo material (typically with some specific conditions).
For b&w photo paper, using the ANSI method, you need to know how many lux seconds are needed to produce a "density" (as measured with an instrument called a densitometer) of 0.60 above "base + fog," aka the plain unexposed paper. To a human this is gonna look real close to an official "gray card."
The formula is, paper speed = 1/H x 1,000. Where H is lux seconds exposure. .
So in your example, using 6,000 lux seconds, it's 1,000/6,000 = about 0.17.
B&w film requires development to a specified contrast, more or less, then find the exposure required to produce a result that is a specified small amount over blank film. The formula is different, and is essentially rounded off to the nearest official speed number.
I'm pretty sure you can find it in Wikipedia under "film speed" or similar.