I have successfully extracted the flash circuitry from a disposable camera and installed it in a Polaroid 268 flash. There were two problems:
The electronic flash is not as bright as a flash bulb. The electronic portion of a flash bright enough to substitute for a burning flash bulb is too large to fit into the antique equipment, thus requires external components. If you can live with this, any working electronic flash can be used.
Electronic flash needs X-sync instead of M-sync. You can adjust the camera's metallic flash contacts to trigger the flash when the shutter is wide-open, or you can configure an electronic delay between the camera and the flash. The delay needs to be somewhere between 10 and 25 milliseconds, so make sure you can experiment and adjust. Older flashes dump the entire voltage of the capacitor across the camera's flash contacts. This can fry a simple LR delay network if you don't use robust components. A modern flash uses low voltage in its signal path, so inexpensive components can be used.
Your best bet would be to use ASA-400 film in a camera that already has X-sync so you could install the smallest components inside your original flash equipment.