The most recent overview of what B/W photo chemicals do and why, but not actually going into the chemistry of each developer:
The Film Developing Cookbook ,second edition, 2020, Bill Troop with Steve Anchell.
Note that AFAIK there are no books covering the fundamental chemistry , eg role of semiquinones etc, of recently discovered developers such as ascorbate based developers or pyrogallol/pyrocatechin based developers that have come into use since about 1998. Best search Photrio for what exists on these.
Some earlier books covering fundamental chemistry of metol, phenidone, hydroquinone, p-aminophenol, phenylenediamines etc:
Photographic Processing Chemistry, second edition,1975, LFA Mason [head of processing chemistry research at Ilford].
The Theory of The Photographic Process, third edition,1966, CEK Mees [formerly head of research at Kodak] and TH James.[There was a later fourth edition of this title.]
Photographic Chemistry, Pierre Glafkides: [Be sure to cancel recurring subscription if wanted for free]
A good introduction: Basic Photo Science, second edition 1977, HJ Walls, GG Attridge, a UK book not widely known.
Also covering color:
The Chemistry of Photography From Classical to Digital Technologies
archive.org