International Klein Blue - French Patent 63471

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holmburgers

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If you've ever taken a modern art introductory class in college, you're probably familliar with IKB, or Yves Klein's "International Klein Blue". It is a pure blue pigment suspended in a special binder that makes it appear as brilliant as the dry pigment by itself.

He invented the paint with the help of chemists by suspending pure, dry pigment in crystal-clear synthetic resin and compatible solvents. Unlike traditional binders, the new colorless carrier did not dull the individual particles of pigment, but left them with their original brightness and intensity. The novel medium was versatile enough to be brushed, sprayed, rolled, or even thickened and built up on a surface. It quickly dried to a fragile-looking but durable matte finish that, like velvet, offered a plush, light-absorbent surface that seemed to dissolve into a dark, glowing liquid depth.

He used this to paint large canvases with nothing but the paint, as well as covering sculptures with it. He also covered nude models (very attractive ones I might add) with it and had them fling themselves upon canvases to create his "anthropometries".

Anyways, whether this kind of thing is for you is beside the point; what is indisputable is the color and it's extreme brilliancy. I would like to make carbon prints that have the same look.

By most accounts, the pigment is probably Pigment Blue 29; Ultramarine Blue.

Here is a really interesting read about the conception of this paint, and raises questions about whether it should be called "Adam's Blue", after Edouard Adams, the true tinkerer who discovered the method.

Here's a particularly saucy excerpt (the rest of the article isn't nearly as brash as this paragraph might suggest):

For by 1955 (and certainly by 1960), Klein had turned himself into a commodity. He made pictures by getting naked models - pinceaux vivants - to roll on fabric while smeared in IKB: "It took a long, long time to get those girls clean," says Edouard Adam, with a roguish wink. In April 1958, Klein had held the notorious first night of his show, Le Vide ("The Void"), which members of France's Republican Guard were hoodwinked into attending in full dress uniform. Guests were fed on a cocktail - mixed, naturally, by La Coupole - made up of gin, Cointreau and a dye called methylene blue. As Klein had hoped, they pissed IKB for a week.

Long story short, apparently you can buy this paint via http://www.adam18.com/beaux-arts/couleurs-alkydes.htm.

For a carbon printer though, the binder would be unnecessary and yet I'm wondering if the quality of finish would be destroyed or retained by mixing it with gelatin.

If anyone can share the French patent, I would love to see it.
 
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holmburgers

holmburgers

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Hey Michael, that's very cool about your family member. I doubt that a lot of people can make that claim. Yeah, Yves seems to have been an early practitioner of "celebrity as art" in a similar way to Andy Warhol; having one's persona more important than the "works" (though I'd be willing to get in a heated debate with myself about this point.. :wink:)

Hilarious about the string players...

Also, good point about acrylics.
 

Psyop

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Here what I found during some research.
The recipe seems to be the patent one as in the article I found they speak about clean a sponge in Turin museum.

The recipe for IKB:
1) IKB fixative
1.2 kg Rhodopas (solvent) MA (Rhone Poulenc) (vinyl chloride)
2.2 kg of denatured ethyl alcohol (95%)0.6 kg of ethyl acetate
Total 4 kg.Mix cold, with stirring.
2) Then powder of pure ultramarine blue, ref. 1311 –
is added to the fixative, mixing coldin proportion of 50% if we add one-tenth of the total number of pure acetoneand 40% if we add pure alcohol.
Apply using a roller, a brush or a spray gun for painting.
On a wood panel, plywoodor isorel – with support brackets on the back covered with a veil.
 

Mike Ware

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I suspect that the 'excellence' of IKB has to do with the refractive index of the binder - polyvinyl acetate - possibly being closer to that of the pigment - ultramarine (but I don't have any values). Mixing it with gelatin may negate this, as the following quote suggests.
Here is an excerpt from Ch. 1 of my Cyanomicon II (available from my website):

"Another turning point in the artistic significance of the colour blue came when monochrome painter, Yves Klein, told French artists’ colourmaker, Edouard Adam, of his search for the perfect blue. Adam faced Klein with a choice: bleu de Prusse ou bleu d'outremer :
“There was,” said Adam, “no contest, and you can see why. Prussian Blue is sombre, good for shadows. Even in this windowless room, ultramarine glows.” https://www.photrio.com/forum/applewebdata://2592809E-0278-4BF4-97CB-5583C84993D3#_edn1
But the real advance came when the marchand de couleur replaced the traditional binder of rabbit glue, which dulled the vibrancy of the colour, with a polyvinyl acetate resin called Rhodopas M, from manufacturing chemists, Rhône-Poulenc. Mixed with ultramarine, Rhodopas allows the powdered ultramarine to retain its granular look, its matt depth. In 1960, Klein patented the new pigment under the number 63471 and the name, International Klein Blue."

https://www.photrio.com/forum/applewebdata://2592809E-0278-4BF4-97CB-5583C84993D3#_ednref1 http://chazhuttonsfsm.tumblr.com/post/3333051019/edouard-adam-the-search-for-the-perfect-blue
 

AgX

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The recipe for IKB:
1) IKB fixative
1.2 kg Rhodopas (solvent) MA (Rhone Poulenc) (vinyl chloride)
2.2 kg of denatured ethyl alcohol (95%)0.6 kg of ethyl acetate
Total 4 kg.Mix cold, with stirring.
....


-) Rhodopas is no solvent at all. It is a french brandname for a form of Polyvinylacetate resin that is used as binder for the pigment.
-) Vinyl Chloride is a toxic gas, only used within the synthesizing industry. It is used in the polymerisation of forms of Rhodopas as co-polymer.
 
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AgX

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For a carbon printer though, the binder would be unnecessary and yet I'm wondering if the quality of finish would be destroyed or retained by mixing it with gelatin.

The binder Gelatin has a refractive index nearer to that of Ultramarine Blue pigment than Polyvinyacetate.


I suspect that the 'excellence' of IKB has to do with the refractive index of the binder - polyvinyl acetate - possibly being closer to that of the pigment - ultramarine (but I don't have any values). Mixing it with gelatin may negate this, ..

It would be interesting to know the refractive index of classic (non-synthetic) varnishes used in painting. Problem is, data is often for the fluid, not the dry film.)

However I rather assume the idea was just to evade the hue of these varnishes.
 
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AgX

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French Patent 63471

Ives Klein did not even apply for a technical patent, but had just stored a file with an idea at the state office.
Similar to filing a document at a certifying notary.
 
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AgX

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Thank you, I aklready knew these figures thus my remark above. For natural resins though I could not find figures on the net. The figures would depend on the grade of drying/curing which can be a long process.
 
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