I have not seen any loss of image quality from many of the major filters.. nor any of the modern multi coated filters even ones from China. But there are various tests online that do show differences.
The well known brands that I trust are hoya, marumi, heliopan, bw, and Schneider.
What I have noticed, from even the good brands, is that filters do cause some amount of ghosting from bright lights. But usually in these situations the lens is flaring a ton anyway.
However, the ultimate answer for me about whether or not to use a uv filter to protect the lens: when I remove an original filter from a 50 year old lens and find it to be pristine. Just like it came out of the box at the corner camera store. The fact that a filter can protect the lens from dirt and dust and poor cleaning attempts makes at an absolute must for all situations.