How to make a faster unwashed emulsion?

I made an interesting emulsion following instructions for an unwashed bromide emulsion found on "Silver gelatin" book.

Solution A:
20 g gelatin
16 g potassium bromide
125 ml water
mix sol. at 50°C

Solution B:
20 g silver nitrate
125ml water
raise temp. at 40°C

mix B into A at slow rate

the emulsion is supposed to be ready right after digestion is complete; no washing or additives are strictly required

This emulsion works fine for me. Requires two coatings for a contrasty image. ISO rating has been a little problematic. Under the enlarger it needs at least 120" F4 to print its deepest black. Average exposure required is 160-240" at F4. In one word: SLOW.

I was attempting to use the same emulsion for glass negatives. The emulsion sticks very well to glass without subbing. A little sanding of the edge of the glass helped.

The problem is its really poor sensitivity to light... Which is probably ISO 3. But since it is especially sensitive to Blue and UV, the ISO drops when shooting in artificial lighting. Is there a way to make it faster? Say ISO >10? Should I modify a little the above formula? Another solution I've considered is to dip the plate into developer right before exposure, pretending it is a wet plate. Kalotypes work in a similar way... but then the obvious advantages of a dry plate are gone.

Any suggestions or recipes for other unwashed emulsions? I'd prefer to stick on unwashed emulsions. Handling a more complicated emulsion-making process would be too much for me now.

Unfortuately, those formulas assume active gelatin to do the chemical sensitization step and therefore your speed and contrast are too low to be practical.

For that emulsion, try heating with 50 - 100 mg of sodium hypo pentahydrate / mole of silver added as a 1% or 0.1% solution in distilled water. The addition should be at 60 degrees C and the emulsion should be held for about 1 hour.

Unfortunately, I cannot predict the exact amount or time for you as this must be done by trial and error or you get fog. So, I advise you to try it on a small portion of the emulsion first. I methods for doing this elsewhere.

Proper finish should increase speed by 2 - 3 stops, and contrast by 1 or 2 grades. My emulsion for enlarging paper is typically the same as for Ilford MGIV paper wiht the grade 2 filtration. But, I use an entirely different prep.

BTW, the excess bromide will retard the action of the hypo sensitization, another reason that I can't give you a prediction for what will happen.

PE

Thanks Ron,

maybe I will try... But I forgot to mention that I used tap water instead of distilled water. For some weird reason, the batch with distilled water didn't work well. The one I'm using is the second one, made with tap water. It works fine, no spots, no fogging, etc. Since I use tap water, there could be some salts in the emulsion already. My tap water is indeed alkaline.

"Silver gelatin" suggests mixing B (silver nitrate) into A (pot. bromide) at a rough 5ml over a period of 10 minutes. Do you think that raising considerably the mixing time of the two emulsion components will determine an increase in speed at the cost of a lower contrast? Would there be any risks of chemical fogging?

Ah, and while I'm here I have another question for you master of photographic gelatin: how long the shelf life of such emulsion would be? Since this batch worked very well I was considering to prepare a larger amount (say 500 ml or up to one liter). Of course I'd store it in a dark bottle in the fridge. Since the emulsion contains active gelatin and is unwashed, I can't compare it with commercial emulsions... I have had some of these for over than one year without problems... Also, how about re-melting? While many people say that is advisable to break the gelatin in smaller pieces to avoid re-melting, I actually never did that - again with commercial emulsions. But never had a problem.

Fast addition generally gives slower speed and higher contrast, whereas slower addition tends to increase speed and lower contrast. Just a very rough generalization.

If you use chlorine in your water, it will add a small amount of chloride to the emulsion, but that is probably insignificant. If you have ozonolosis, I have no idea what it will do.

Acid tends to increase contrast slightly with some emulsions and alkalinity tends to decrease contrast and speed up hardening. It decreases the lifetime of the melted emulsion with hardener in it.

Pepper grains, or black specks in your prints is from large grains which aggregate. It is usually due to not having enough or good gelatin. I never got it at Kodak, but I see it here with different gelatins or different batches of the same gelatin.

Your only recourse might be to dilute the silver more or add more gelatin. But, that might create other problems. The emulsion would become too dilute or too viscous.

PE

Bad news. Yesterday I coated a large number of sheets of paper with my emulsion. The emulsion was made about ten days ago. It looked great in the beginning, now looks like shit. I got a lot of fogging and stains on the prints. I believe that the emulsion has to be used right away after preparation or within the next couple of days. I think I'll give up the idea to make my own emulsion, I already spent the equivalent in silver nitrate of half kilo of factory grade emulsion...

Perhaps it is the tap water... I don't know why but I had occasionally pepper grains with distilled water. Using inert gelatin delivers pepper grains as well, a very flat contrast and very ugly tones. With food gelatin the tones are great, no fogging at all, nice contrast and the emulsion spread easily, without evident bubbles. It sticks nice on glass, without subbing or glass manipulation. But then... appears to have the shelf life of a fresh yogurt...

Sorry to hear of your problem. My emulsions are usually used up rather quickly, but I have kept them for about 6 months with no problem. I do go in and out of problems. These mainly come from errors, or changes in batch of a given chemical, but with tweaking the problem is solved and I have more information to pass on.

Your formula is not all that different than mine, and I have no pepper grain with that formula. I add the silver over 10 mins, and then ripen for about 30 minutes. I then follow it with the hypo treatment I described for 1 hour at 60 deg. Then I add final addenda such as spreading agent and hardener.

I get good black tones and good whites. The speed allows an 8x10 print to be made in about 12" at f11. The prints compare well with commercial product. But, to get there I too had to use up a bit of silver nitrate as my first results were rather bad. I had to tweak things to fine tune my technique to match the equipment I have. I don't have a fancy Kodak emulsion lab any more.

But, none of my unwashed emulsions stick to glass well at all during processing. They appear to beforehand, but float off during processing. The washed emulsions stick to the glass. I expected this, but I wanted to try it anyhow.

I might add that bromide is a powerful restrainer for bromide emulsions, and so the result you have is not unexpected for an unwashed emulsion.

If you want to try again, double the gelatin and the water in part A. Raise the temperature of both A and B to 55 degrees. That should fix up the pepper grain. Then, try the hypo treatment. That should fix speed and contrast.

PE

hmmm yeah perhaps I'll give another try in a very small amount... Actually if I'd prepare only the amount I need each time and use it immediately there wouldn't be so many problems. The fact is that not having the possibility of preparing large batches of emulsion, then it becomes a really time consuming task. Also, in my (limited) experience emulsion coated papers can't be stored for a very long time, even if the emulsion is factory made. That means: few emulsion, few papers...

Pepper grain isn't the only problem. Fogging was evident in the last batch, after less than a dozen days passed. And the emulsion was stored in a fridge, remelted only twice.

I'm looking forward to test an Efke/Adox emulsion. Costs about 15 euros per 250 ml, but my local supplier hasn't got it yet (and has been a month of waiting). The same shop sells silver nitrate for ca. 16 euros / 25 grams. In another shop I can buy 100 grams of silver nitrate for about 40-50 euros... Add a small cost of bromide and gelatin, there isn't really an huge economical advantage unlike other processes or chemistries.

Apart from the fun of making your own emulsion and having it ready whenever you need it, a real advantage would be if you print bromoils. Not every paper works with this tecnique and only a few commercial emulsions are good for that. Any emulsion that contains hardeners is unsuitable for bromoil. The only commercial emulsion I've tried that takes bromoil bleach is the Foma. The bad news is: they don't sell it outside Czech Republic (and it's only 30 euros per kg)...

About glass coating: I always had problems in sticking emulsions like Foma or SE1 from Silverprint on glass, even with a small subbing of the plate; I have another subbing recipe - will try that asap. I was very surprised when the home made emulsion didn't lift when processed (I had on a few plates just some frilling at the borders)...

Fulvio;

I make emulsions in batches as small as 120 ml which contain 5 grams of silver nitrate. At the rate of 12 ml / 8x10, this allows me to make and use the emulsion at one time and get 10 sheets of paper for printing.

I don't usually remelt as that is not a good idea. I use a spatula or spoon and rubber gloves to remove what I need when I need it. Remelting adds fog to the emulsion. Each remelting is like restarting the digestion.

In fact, with one emulsion and addenda combination that I coated as a double batch, I could see the results change from coating #1 to coating #18. It was slight and gradual, but since I run a step wedge with all prints I could see the change. The emulsion was slowly changing at the coating temperature.

I am scheduled to give a workshop in Montana in June, if that is any help to you.

PE

Photo Engineer said:

Fulvio;

I don't usually remelt as that is not a good idea. I use a spatula or spoon and rubber gloves to remove what I need when I need it. Remelting adds fog to the emulsion. Each remelting is like restarting the digestion.

Click to expand...

then I believe that remelting killed my emulsion

my initial assumption that an unwashed homemade emulsion could be remelted was probably a mistake

I wonder then why factory made emulsions can be remelted a large amount of times without visible deterioration... For example Foma sells bottles of 1 kg of emulsion and that goes a long way... Before it's finished I have melted and remelted the same emulsion a few dozen times (also considering that two coatings are required with Foma)...

My emulsion too required two coatings to deliver a good print. With a single coating the dmax was too low.

I am scheduled to give a workshop in Montana in June, if that is any help to you.

Click to expand...

nice, too bad I live thousands miles away
you should also make a live video conference, while you're there...

there's a lot of nice old printing workshops in the US and there's very few in Europe... If I win the lottery I would spend years traveling from a workshop to another and learn everything...

Fulvio;

The emulsions sold commercially also warn you about reheating. It is in the labels and mentioned in the book "Silver Gelatin". In addition, they may add some stabilzers which are expensive and hard to get.

For example, Thymol (10% in iso-propyl alcohol) at about 1 drop per 100g of emulsion will prevent mold and fungus. I've mentioned addition of Tetra Aza Indene as a preservative. This is also discussed on Jim Brownings web site in his emulsion making portion of the paper.

PE

yes, of course, they all state that is not advisable remelting and they all suggest to break the emulsion in smaller quantities. But I never did that. And I know people who don't do that either.

Anyway, I just got an idea.
Why not making separate stock solutions of potassium bromide and silver nitrate? The Silver nitrate keeps very well inside a dark glass bottle. But how about potassium bromide in a gelatin solution, perhaps with some antiseptic additive?

Everytime one needs some emulsion, the potassium bromide solution could be melted at a given temperature, and then some warm solution of silver nitrate could be mixed in for immediate use. If this is possible, it would shorten the emulsion making time.

What do you think?

It is possible, but the antiseptic additive might affect the outcome. It would have to be tested. At Kodak we kept many stock solutions and premade gelatin for things like this.

I keep premade gelatin in my darkroom all the time.

PE

mmm by "affect the outcome" do you mean the emulsion charateristics are going to change time by time?

I'm not thinking of storing pre made gelatin only, but gelatin mixed with potassium bromide in the right amount (in a dark bottle). If this is possible and the antiseptic additive affects only speed or contrast I could live with that... A few test strips at the beginning of a printing session would allow me to calibrate.The only things I'd like to avoid are possibility of pepper grains and fogging of course.

What kind of antiseptic would you suggest? Would be a small quantity of denaturated alcohol a possible alternative to thymol?

Do not use conventional denatured alcohol if it becomes cloudy when you add it to water. This denaturing ingredient will interfere with the emulsion making process. Try to use pure ethyl alcohol if possible with no denaturant.

Thymol is probably the best because it is not very toxic, easy to work with and readily available. It will change the emulsion slightly though as any organic chemical will so you may have to tinker with the forumla a tiny bit. It may not have any effect if you stay below a given level.

PE

You can keep unwashed emulsions for a long time if refrigerated with no detectable photographic effect. I have some two years old samples in my fridge and when I used them last time they were just like the day I made them. But this requires (1) proper emulsion formula for unwashed use, (2) proper emulsion stabilizer and (3) biocide. The problem with unwashed emulsions is that ripening continues during storage. Overripening leads to fog and loss of speed and contrast. You must stop this ongoing process by using proper stabilizer. Use of formulae that are suitable for unwashed use is also a big help. Usually, chloride emulsions (including chlorobromide and chloroiodobromide emulsions) are quite usable unwashed, if the formula is adjusted properly. Bromide emulsions are in general much slower and doesn't keep as well, if used unwashed. (There are ways to do this but you'll need a ;lot more elaborate setup than washed process.) I'd use benzotriazole as the stabilizer if you don't have access to anything better. Generally, for bromide emulsions, there are much better choices but they are not very easily available unless you have an account with lab chemical supply houses.

In reality, if you want good, fast emulsion of good contrast, you're better off mastering the washing process. There is no way around it if you want faster emulsions.

I bet commercial liquid emulsions are all washed, and probably all bromide based. They also most likely include proper emulsion stabilizers and biocide. When made properly like this, the emulsion is quite robust unless you contaminate or expose to light.

Biocide is necessary because bacteria and fungi can decompose gelatin and physically and chemically change the gelatin. Bacterial growth slows down at refrigeration temp but does not stop it. Fungi are also more resistant to lower temp. I use o-phenylphenolate or 2-phenylphenol sodium salt with good results. I have more info on the wiki section of my website.

Did you use pepper fog with deionized water? When you mix silver nitrate with tap water containing chlorinating agent, some insoluble silver compounds form (looks cloudy) and they may provide an effective nuclei to grow on, providing a big fog center. I wouldn't use that kind of water. If water is perfectly fine but still get pepper fog, that's probably because of poor quality gelatin. The best is to ditch that gelatin and get a different batch of inert photographic gelatin. Also, too little gelatin (less than 0.5% in the kettle) or ineffective mixing can cause pepper fog, but these are rare based on your formula.

Oh by the way, ethanol is ineffective as the biocide in emulsion. The bactericide action of ethanol requires that the ethanol concentration to be 40% or higher. You cant use that kind of amount in emulsions.

Questions about stabilizers

"Overripening leads to fog and loss of speed and contrast. You must stop this ongoing process by using proper stabilizer.

I bet commercial liquid emulsions are all washed, and probably all bromide based."


I was looking at the MSDS of Liquid Light and noticed that besides the bromide and chloride, there was trace amounts of Cadmium salts.

Are the Cadmium salts used for contrast increase, reduction of fog, and would the Cadmum salts act as a stabilizer?

Just one loud remark: I AM NOT ADVOCATING USING CADMIUM SALTS IN SMALL LAB EMULSION PRODUCTION. They are very toxic and bad for the envirnment.


rongui

Cadmium is used to control curve shape (contrast) in many chloro bromide and bromide emulsions. It is used in trace amounts, and can be safely used this way, but in large operations such as Kodak or Fuji, are an environmental problem.

Cadmium was removed from all Kodak products in the 60s.

A bromide formula such as the one above should keep several months in the refrigerator and not go into fog. I have kept one that is very similar for months with no problem and no antifoggant or stabilizer. I did have thymol in it to prevent mold and fungus growth.

Unless it is finished with sulfur, it will not perform in any suitable way as an enlarging paper but with sulfur, there will be a very large increase in speed and contrast. Once finished with sulfur, the emulsion should be used immediately unless a stabilzer is added.

Washing is not necessary provided the right formula is used and provided the right final ingredients are added.

PE

Enlarging Speed AgBr Emulsion

This is the first post of a picture made using my bromide enlarging speed emulsion.

The emulsion keeps for about 6 months in the refrigerator (with no addenda but Thymol) before sulfur sensitization and the paper itself keeps for about 9 months with little change.

It is very similar to the one posted above in the OP. It was washed. I have gotten similar results from the same emulsion unwashed, but it requires different addenda and a longer sulfur finish.

This is a portion of a portrait taken by a friend and given to me. The exposure was 12" at f11/f16 and the developer was Dektol 1:1 for 1 minute. The print was stopped, fixed and washed.

The support is Strathmore Smooth.

PE

thanks everyone for the informations...

I made a very small batch this evening (50 ml) using separate solutions and adding denaturate alcohol to the gelatin/potassium bromide solution. Unfortunately that wasn't a good idea: while drying on the paper, the emulsion darkened and printed deep brown. Even a second unexposed sheet turned brown when placed in the developer. My fault - I add plenty of denaturated alcohol at home and wanted to try that. I use the same alcohol for a POP emulsion based on chloride salts and got no problem there.

Tomorrow I'll buy some pure ethyl alcohol. I never heard of thymol, perhaps is popular in the US. I made some research and in Italy is used mainly to fight a kind of parasite in bee colonies. Dunno where to find it.

Fulvio;

Sorry, but I warned you about the denaturing agent. Many of them are not good for emulsions.

Here, thymol is used in moutwash. It is rather common.

PE

Fulvio:
Photographers' Formulary carries thymol, if you can't find some locally.

http://www.photoformulary.com/Deskt...tabindex=2&categoryid=29&selection=0&langId=0

Sorry, I should have mentioned that, but your being in Europe I couldn't think how to get any there. Thanks Denise.

PE

Let me clarify a point regarding washed and unwashed emulsions.

1. I can duplicate the picture result I previously posted in contrast, tone and speed either washed or unwashed from the same starting bromide formula, but the final addenda that I add and the finsih are different for the two.

2. A washed emulsion can be used on any FB paper, but cannot be used on RC, film or plates with good results.

3. A sulfur finish is required for a bromide emulsion if you wish to have any degree of speed and contrast.

I hope this helps those reading about making emulsions.

PE

rongui said:

"Overripening leads to fog and loss of speed and contrast. You must stop this ongoing process by using proper stabilizer.

I bet commercial liquid emulsions are all washed, and probably all bromide based."


I was looking at the MSDS of Liquid Light and noticed that besides the bromide and chloride, there was trace amounts of Cadmium salts.

Are the Cadmium salts used for contrast increase, reduction of fog, and would the Cadmum salts act as a stabilizer?

Just one loud remark: I AM NOT ADVOCATING USING CADMIUM SALTS IN SMALL LAB EMULSION PRODUCTION. They are very toxic and bad for the envirnment.

Click to expand...

Do you have that MSDS in PDF form? How recent is it?

Cadmium salt is most typically used in chloride and chlorobromide emulsion. Depending on the amount, it can affect the grain size, speed, image hue, and tonality. In old formulae, Cd was used in warm tone contact and enlarging paper to increase the highlight contrast of emulsion. For this purpose, some other ripening restraining agents work just as well. Cd was also important part of lith film formula, because classic hydroquinone-only lith dev's worked best with chlorobromide emulsion of about 20-30% bromide doped with cadmium salt and sulfur sensitized (but not gold). Alternative methods were developed for this type of emulsion.

I wonder if Liquid Light is really chlorobromide using cadmium. That would be a bit surprising. Chlorobromide emulsions are much more sensitive to chemical contamination and a lot more easily ruined, compared to bromide emulsions.