With reference to your original question, with the exception of telephoto lenses (more in a moment,) a 300mm lens will need 300mm of bellows extension to focus at infinity, more extension to focus closer. Infinity for these purposes is defined as 200x the focal length of the lens. So, in the case of a 12" (300mm) focal length lens, you need 300mm of bellows to focus it on an object 200 feet away and more extension to focus more closely. With a camera having 315mm of bellows, you probably can't focus a 300mm lens closer than 50 to 100 feet, if that (there's some wiggle room.) With your camera, a 240mm lens is probably the longest focal length that would be practical.
Telephoto lenses, by their design, don't need to extend as far from the plane of focus than a "regular" lens does. A 300mm telephoto, for example, may only need 190mm of bellows to focus at infinity. Since lens design varies, check to see what a specific lens needs before you decide whether it will work on your camera or not. Be aware that there are other trade-offs with telephoto lenses vs. "regular" lenses. Check out the articles on lenses on this website for a more detailed discussion.
Mike