Looks like flare inside the Rodagon, IMO. When you mount it on the M370 (24x36mm enlarger) the extent of the light source (the film gate) is less, the cone of light entering the lens is more restricted, and presumably this avoids having some light hitting a flare-producing part; maybe(??) an element's edge or a metal ring, improperly blackened.
Grab the Rodagon, peer into the front element, especially at oblique angles, while pointing the rear of the lens at an extended light source: clouds, LED flat panel, whatever. This might allow you to discover the origin of the flare.