Filter Factor

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Kilgallb

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I use an old Pentax Spotmeter to set exposure. I have a question that relates to setting exposure with filters.

I have tried using the meter and then reseting exposure based on the published filter factor.

I have alaso metered through the filter. I note that the filter factor I measure is often different by as much as a stop depending on the time of day. I assume this is due to the changing colour temperature of the sky at twilight and sunrise.

Is it advised to meter through a filter or should I continue to simply apply a filter factor to the meter reading I get with no filter in front of the meter?
 

dslater

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I have read in a few places (can't remember exactly where) that because the meter has a different spectral response from film, metering through a filter can be inaccurate. As a result, it was recommended that you meter without the filter and then apply the filter factor.
 

chrisofwlp

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I believe that Ctein covers this in his book "post exposure."

Sincerely;
 

AgX

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When using filters the issue of coherence between the the meters’s spectral response and the film’s sensitation becomes of more importance.

A filter factor is always a bit tricky. It is, to my understanding, calculated to keep something colourless the same density on film while blocking something else coloured. For instance using some red filter to darken blue sky but the same time keeping a grey barn the same. But if one would like to change contrast between coloured objects one can go different ways: Keep to a filter factor and a red object will be lightened amongst other objects staying the same. Or rather use no factor and the red objekt will stay as it is and the rest darkened…

To my mind, best would be to use a (calibrated) spot-meter with the filter in question. You would always know what you would get.
 

dslater

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To my mind, best would be to use a (calibrated) spot-meter with the filter in question. You would always know what you would get.

The problem with this is the meters response to filtration is different from your film's response. Another problem is that if the subject you're metering has a color, it can further throw off the meter - for (an extreme) example if you meter a red car through a red filter, you're going to end up under-exposing your scene.
I have been searching without success for an article I remember where the person metered through the filter and applied an additional exposure compensation based on the color of the filter.
 
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jovo

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I think Gordon Hutchings made a chart of filter compensations to be used in conjunction with filter factors. As I recall, they were small adjustments, but he demonstrated their efficacy. IIRC they were published in View Camera a few years ago.
 

AgX

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If you realize that your meter has a different response than your film (by measuring different coloured planes, taking photographs of them and checking the yielded density against what to expect due to the readings) you can use filters on/within the meter to correct for that.
There was an US company specialized on LF who did that. It would be impractical for built-in meters. And, not to forget, it would only work for a special film or similar films: an Agfapan is different to Tech Pan or a R3.

The meter-adjust method however is applicable on all kind of meters but needs to be done on all filter/film combinations.
There is obviously no golden way... perhaps, just bracketing.
 
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Kilgallb

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Thanks for the suggestions everyone. It is a lot of good information to digest. I guess this is what makes analog photography so interesting and rewarding.
 
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As I recall, different types of meter cell have a spectral response which is more or less like film. Photoelectric selenium cells (Weston Master, etc.) are very like film, early photoresistive cells (cadmium sulphide CdS) differ quite noticeably, later types (gallium arsenide GaAs) are much better. I think it is this problem rather than the use of filters which may lead to exposure errors.

Regards,

David
 

dslater

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You know - this has been a very frustrating thread for me - I distinctly remember reading a web site where the author gave a table of additional exposure compensations that needed to be made even when you take a meter reading through a filter. I have searched and searched for the page again and I can't find it. The whole point of the article was to come up with a more precise way of computing exposure compensation when using filters with the zone system. The rationale was something like this (and I paraphrase):

After you have gone though all the steps of spot metering your scene to determine exposure and contrast, does it really make sense to just apply a constant filter-factor to the result?

As I said very frustrating as I found the site to present a lot of good ideas.

Dan
 

AgX

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Dan,

I guess we both are trying to say the same via different approaches: that just keeping in mind that one certain filter factor (and I'm not even having it on meter and film issues) has to be used when applying a filter is too much of a simplification.
One has to know how a filter works and what effect one wants to gain.
Of course for those very effects one can make a table with apt factors.
 

Renato Tonelli

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If you have a "modified" (by Calumet or Ritter) Pentax meter, go ahead and read the scene you are photographing through the filter and it will be accurate. If it is not "modified", use the filter factors. I have used both systems with satisfactory results.
 
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I don't know of a web site with different "fudge factors" for use when metering through filters, but I have posted my method on this and other forums a time or two. A given set of factors will not work for all films anyway.

First a comment: I find it somehow comical that LF photographers make such a big deal about metering through filters when everyone else with TTL meters just slaps a filter on and goes shooting with their auto-exposure SLRs, etc.

I find it more accurate to meter through the filter as long as a couple of things are taken into consideration.

First, probably most important and least known is that strong-colored filters affect the contrast of the negative by their color alone. The effect is dependent on the particular film being used. A #25 red filter increases contrast on good old Tri-X, but decreases it on T-Max 100.

Second, your meter's spectral response will differ from the film you are using. Even the widely-touted Zone VI modified meters (of which I own two) do not match up to all B&W films. My unmodified Pentax spot meter only differs slightly from the modified version.

The above means that, especially for strong filters, metering through the filter can result in 1) a deviation from metered contrast, and 2) over- or underexposure. Overexposure is rarely a problem, since it will never be more than a stop and still results in a printable negative.

So, here is what you do (This assumes you have already calibrated your exposure and development.): Find a scene with lots of colors and a wide brightness range (use a Macbeth test chart for optimum accuracy). Make a control exposure based on a neutral color placed in a middle zone. This will be your exposure test area. Next, meter through each of your filters, using the same control area placed in the same zone and make an exposure for each. Note during this process how the corresponding and contrasting colors to the filter you are using change relationships in the scene. Make careful notes about where they fall (e.g. when metering through a red filter, note the values of red, green and blue. If you are really thorough, you could note the value of each color on the chart through each filter, but I find this unnecessary.).

Develop and print all the negatives and compare. You will find that the prints made from the "less aggressive" filters match the control area of the unfiltered print well and that only the tonal rendition of saturated colors has changed. Make sure these changes correspond to the notes you have made in the field. Factors for these filters will be small, if needed at all. Remember, it is a printable negative you want, not matching densities. Half a stop over or under requires no factor unless you are already on the edge of underexposing you film anyway.

The prints from the sharper-cut filters will likely exhibit a change in contrast and/or exposure. Make a visual assessment of these (e.g. "This print from the red filter looks too contrasty and underexposed.") After you have done this, estimate some "fudge factors" (e.g. "When shooting this film with a red filter, add 1 stop and reduce development by one Zone.") and go out and re-shoot. Develop and print, re-shooting as necessary till you have the factors you need. All the time, check to make sure that the highly-saturated values react as metered/predicted. You may have to add an extra factor for a color (e.g. "This film consistently renders green lighter than metered."). This latter is more something to consider when shooting that to compensate for.

Once you have done the above for a particular film, you are set. Put the results in your field notes or tape it to your meter and go shoot.

Best,

Doremus Scudder

www.DoremusScudder.com
 
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