Graint Haist, "Modern Photographic Processing" will explain all the chemistry in its gory details but easily understandable prose for anyone with decent school chemistry knowledge.
Not a cheap book (about 300$ for two volumes of 700+ pages), but check your local libraries. Universities tend to have it. It's peerless.
Haist was the director of Kodak's Research Lab, so he knows a thing or two.
You may also find a copy of C.E.K. Mees "Theory of Photographic Process" which is even gorier, because it not only gives you the principles, but the associated metrics of the science (e.g. crystal growth rate, energy, efficiency, etc).
Finally, I would recommend Mees's autobiography, "From dry plates to Ektachrome film" to understand the history and evolution of the technology. It is satisfyingly technical, and gives a lot of insight into the thinking behind the research. Mees founded the Kodak Research Labs.