Exakta has a 44.7mm film-to-flange distance and is 46mm in diameter.
M42 has a 45.46mm film-to-flange distance and is 42mm in diameter.
So, an Exakta lens with its standard bayonet mount will not focus to infinity on an M42 body even if you could somehow make a <1mm-thick adapter.
In general, you can adapt a lens with a longer film-to-flange distance on a camera body with a shorter film-to-flange distance (such as an Olympus OM or Pen F lens to a Fujifilm X-mount body) if there is enough difference in the distances to allow for the thickness of the adapter. Where the distances are close, an additional problem is that the length of the lens
behind the flange might be too great. I ran into that problem in trying to adapt a Robot lens to an Olympus Pen F -- the rear of the lens would hit the reflex mirror at the correct film-to-flange spacing.
(See
www.graphics.cornell.edu/~westin/misc/mounts-by-register.html for a good table of different camera and lens film-to-flange distances.)