looking at images of this lens on the net it would seem that this is standard for all examples of this lens.
The lens is just the bit that screws into the lens plate. You have at least 3 components there
1: The lens proper
2: The lens board with the shiny aluminum outer ring
3: The extension tube that mounts the lens board (and lens) onto the enlarger.
In your first photo, you show the lens board + lens mounted:
So this is items 1 + 2. You could unscrew the lens from the board, but there's presently no real need to. It will however demonstrate that they are two different items.
I think your problem is with item #3, which is physically distinct from the rest of the assembly. If this tube is too long, the distance between the film and the lens will always be too long (regardless of focus adjustment) and you will be limited to very small enlargements. Id extreme cases, even at 1:1 enlargement proper focus is not possible, and only reductions can be made (print is smaller than negative).
Just to make sure - you do know how to operate the focus adjustment on your enlarger, do you? I assume when setting up for a larger print size, you have:
1: Raised the head
2: Adjusted the focus to get a sharp image
Steps 1 & 2 need to be done iteratively to obtain the exact desired enlargement at precisely accurate focus (with the exception of 'autofocus' enlargers, but this isn't one).
If somehow you missed step 2 (set focus), we might have kept this very brief