Does resolution increase with reducing minimum focus distance? (digital)

I've been looking at: https://sites.google.com/site/frcrphysicsnotes/mr-image-quality

And im trying to wrap my head around something as of recent.

Since the sensor size determines what is resolved in a digital camera, can you retrieve more "data" if your image you want to capture is closer to your lens, or does it make no difference whatsoever?
By data I mean as many resolvable pixels from the original image. (say an already high resolution/lpmm image)
I think the FOV gets smaller when the minimum focus distance is reduced, and I read that the smaller the FOV the higher the resolution. Is this true?
I know there are alot of factors here, but im mostly curious about the physical distance of getting an image closer to the sensor so to say.

You seemingly mix up 2 things: resolution and image detail

Reducing minimum focusing detail, thus enlarging image scale, offers the camera more image detail, but basically does not change the resolution of the system (lens, body, sensor/film) as such.

However..., the resolution of a lens to some degree depends on the image scale (focusing distance) it is designed for. That there are macro lenses, repro lenses, enlarging lenses has in part to do with this. Their lens systems all are designed for large image scales.

Wow I forgot I had posted this....so you're saying resolution does not change because resolution is determined by the system (lens, body, sensor..) gotcha.
Ok, so since im using a dome magnifier (from the other thread) different dome magnifiers would therefore offer different lens resolutions, depending on their focusing distance/how they interact with the system (the system in my case: adding the dome magnifier to my phones lens system) do I have that correct?
I suppose it also depends on the medium I am trying to capture and the mediums resolution itself, in this case lp/mm:
I also have a physical size restriction of my medium, which is 24mm x 36mm. (35mm film)
So if I have a single 35mm frame of film, and I want to capture this film with my phone, I can currently take a picture of the film as close as 7cm.
So the 35mm film does not fill my entire frame of the digital image captured, only some of it.
If I were able to digitally capture the 35mm film corner to corner, there would be more image detail captured as far as I understand it.. my sensor can not receive as much detail because of my phones minimum focus distance restriction.
I think the problem is my physical size restriction.
If I want to achieve https://imgur.com/a/bgKv17G (black line would be the film) then I need to figure out what type of magnifier would allow me to have the 35mm film captured in full, in this particular scenario since I want to actually paste the film on the bottom and hold up the magnifier with the pasted image to my phone in direct contact at a light source. (like a stanhope)

*I'd like to add that since im pasting the film on the bottom of the dome magnifier, I don't really care if some of it gets cut off in the field of view, I just need to fill the entire field of view with the film and nothing else, does not have to be exact. I figured a frame of film was a good place to start.

@AgX

Ok, I have a question!
Regarding a non-lens/a piece of glass.

If I have two pieces of glass of the same volume, say 1" x 1" x 1"
But each have a different refractive index.
Say glass cube #1 has a refractive index of 1.5
Glass cube #2 has a refractive index of 1.8

My scenario is: https://imgur.com/a/6NqHj57

Would the refractive index of the glass change the way the phone sees the subject, or no?