Anything ending in "-gon" or "-on" tends to be wide-angle (Hypergon, Biogon, Angulon), or at some time have been intended to be wide-angle (Rodagon).
Many lenses ending in "-ar" are Tessar clones like the Xenar, but many are not - like the Symmar. The Symmar has an almost symmetrical construction which started out as a Dagor-type and was then changed to Plasmat-type. Plasmats, by the way, were said to give better "plasticity".
A long time ago there were basically only two (well - four) types: Petzval portrait lenses, and Aplanat/Rectilinears. And the "landscape lens", a single meniscus lens (or achromatic pair) behind the aperture. The only "modern" lens of this construction is the Imagon.
Most aplanats are called either something-or-other Aplanat, or Rapid Rectilinear.
When the anastigmats made their entry, there were suddenly a large number of different constructions with lots of different names. And every producer used their own names, and made slight changes to avoid patent issues, and so on. Being slightly different already at that time, Rodenstock made the "Hemi-Anastigmat" which is neither "Hemi" nor really Anastigmatic.
Once you start messing about with old lenses the confusion increases - the Xenar is a Tessar-type lens except the "Xenar Typ D" which is not. Some Ektars are Tessars, some are not. I've already mentioned the Symmar, and modern APO Symmar has no relation to the original Dagor-type Symmar. The Planar has at least three different formulas. Voigtländer once patented Heliar and Dynar, but most Heliar lenses are of Dynar construction. So is the APO-Lanthar, which is APOchromatic and contains a Lanthanum glass element. Or at least it did - I'm not too sure about the modern ones for 35mm cameras...