Even cheap electronic devices have a diode to protect against the polarity being wrong (battery inserted wrong way).
So, I don't think you've damaged the meter circuitry.
However, being that 9v batteries have positive and negative connectors on them that are quite distinctly different, I think if you actually managed to connect the battery to the meter's connector the wrong way, you probably damaged the connector on the meter. Check to see if the contacts are bent.