That shutter is from a Kodak Retina automatic II or III. I have overhauled several of them.
That white stuff is a corrosion-like substance caused by storing the camera in a humid area. You will need to clean the shutter completely, as the aperture is probably stuck.
If the cocking tab does not rotate anticlockwise enough, there is a problem in the gearing somewhere between the rack by the camera's film-advance lever and the circular gear behind the shutter. One of those gears has slipped and is out of sync.
Lever A is for the B-speed. When the shutter-button is released, shaft P rotates clockwise, moving the lever under the blue arrow, letting the shutter close.
Lever B is pushed leftward by a protrusion on the rotating part at the 12:00 position. When you press the shutter release, the ring gear behind the shutter rotates, closing the aperture, and rotating the part at 12:00 clockwise. At the end of the rotation, lever B is pushed, firing the shutter.
I put an article on my website showing in detail how to disable the automatic mechanism in the automatic III. I explain the benefits of doing so. You might or might not want to do that, but the photos and explanations will help you with disassembly and reassembly. Here's the article:
Upgrading a Retina Automatic III
Good luck,
Mark