Here's an easy way to figure it out.
Take the standard size.... 5x7, 8x10, 11x14, and 16x20
When you go up a size, it's about twice as much surface area. It's not exact because the aspect ratio is little different and thus your cropping won't be the same. In addition, as I said earlier, your eyes will interpret contrast and density differently.
Nevertheless, giving twice as much exposure as you go up a size either by doubling your time or opening the aperture one stop will get you in the ballpark.
Obviously, if you go up two sizes, then you have to double the double so you'll be quadrupling the time, or opening two stops. (oh, yeah.... and you pay 4 times as much)