Sorry 4season, I didn't see your reply.
I've taken the lens apart and put it back together at least 15 times now, so I think I know how it works
I was able to fix the problem. For the poor souls wandering around the Internet desperately looking for a solution: the end of the charge lever needs to go behind the part 4season marked. This lever (the one with the teeth) connects it to the gearing which is behind the golden cover. These gears delay the closing of the shutter blades according to the shutter speed selected.
My copy also had a sticky 1/250 speed. It can't be seen on my pictures but there are actually two parts to the shutter release. The second one is only used in bulb mode and catches the charge lever until the shutter button is released again. My camera did this at 1/250 too, a little bit of oil on the shutter release fixed this.
The last problems remaining are a jammed self timer (lube will probably fix this) and stiff focussing (the focus ring grinds somewhere, i suppose).
Thanks a lot for your reply, 4season.