Looks like a homemade job to me. Why the crafter didn't make it go full 8x10 format is curious because it appears there is enough rise on both the front and rear to keep the adapter from interfering with the bed.
Tachihara made such expansion backs as did Rittreck (pre-Wista). There are usually a few Rittreck 5x7 to whole-plate or 8x10 expansion backs listed everyday on ebay. I have two of the whole-plate expansion backs along with 15 mating film holders and am in the process of refurbing a 5x7 Rittreck body. (The Rittreck WP holders are dimensioned differently than older manufactured ones from ROC, Eastman, Toyo, Premo, etc., and are not interchangeable.) I also have a Toyo half-plate to whole-plate expansion adapter but that incorporates a bellows and mates underneath the camera bed as well as on the back of the earliest metal half-plate field camera they manufactured. (I'm currently looking to purchase the front end of that arrangement so if anyone has that camera for sale, please contact me.)
So, expansion backs are around but are unusual. I've also seen an 8x10 to 11x14 back for a B&J many years ago. If the additional expansion/extension is long enough, there shouldn't be a problem with vignetting. The GG just has to be back far enough to form a line with the lens and corners of the normal format back. However, that will add weight and bulk, and these backs do limit movements and become awkward depending on their size and design.