The 240mm lens will provide more magnfication for the same distance, to 'make the bigger print' on the baseboard. The real question is whether or not it can provide the necessary coverage to enlarge the entire 8x10" area of the film without vignetting.
Maximum size, I can't say, but the 240 will produce a larger print than the 300, all other things being equal. Regardless, I don't think even with the 45 V-XL you'll be able to hit 30x40 on the baseboard. The Beseler specs say "Larger than 24x36" but don't define how much. With the 8x10 conversion head, unless your darkroom has very tall ceilings, you may not be able to take advantage of the full column height, so you wouldn't be able to hit the 24x36 inch size anyway.
The 240mm lens will provide more magnfication for the same distance, to 'make the bigger print' on the baseboard. The real question is whether or not it can provide the necessary coverage to enlarge the entire 8x10" area of the film without vignetting.
No, the real question is whether ANY 240 f/5.6 lens will fit on an enlarger that was made for a much smaller enlarging lens. The Beseler conversion I believe was designed to use the 240 HD Beseler, aka 240 Gerogon f/9 which is a much smaller lens. Forget the 300 unless you get a real 8x10 enlarger and not a conversion. L