Regarding the resolution, I made screenshots: one at 300% zoom and the larger image at 100%.
The 300% always looks less sharp than the 100%. Hard to compare.
You mentioned that these systems were sometimes adjusted to the body. How exactly was that adjustment done?
And how would I test, without a lens, whether the digital back itself is actually focusing/sharp?
The test is to see if the focusing screen is in the same place as the sensor or film, that is if you focus perfectly on the screen, where is the focus on the film or sensor - often SLR can be front or back focused. This is most noticeable on fast long lenses, so those are the best for testing. In this case the focus screen can be shimmed, or the mirror stop can be adjusted, or the film plane/sensor plane can be adjusted. Early digital backs all had shims mounting the sensor in the back, so they could be adjusted to match a camera body, for instance the Planar 2/110 can be quite sensitive to this. I had a 3rd party screen on my Hasselblad which worked fine in the film days, and when I got the 2/110, I noticed it was back focusing, then inspecting my film shots, I could see that many of them were slightly back focused. Adjusting the screen position, or replacing it with an acute matte solved the issue.
This is a typical focus tester
You focus on the target, and in the resulting picture you can see where on the sloped scale where the sensor is actually focusing on.
Even though I have a home made one, I often just use our the front stoop.
For best sensitivity, use a fast long lens, focused close, wide open. I focus on the wood block, and I can see where the sensor is in focus - this was post adjustment for an infrared sensor, the focus screen has been shimmed to focus in visible light where the sensor would focus in infrared. Initially, the ground behind the block was in focus (back focusing)
This also can show if this lens has field curvature or some tilt.