I'm sure Jim Galli knows the answer to this, since he's done some really high speed photography, but the usual method without getting into scientific equipment is to use many flash heads at low power.
Lois Greenfield, for instance, uses Elinchrom strobes, I believe, set to low power for her dance photos. With Normans, you can use a dual-tube head, so you don't have to deal with mounting two or more heads next to each other.
People who photograph hummingbirds usually set up three small shoe-mount flash units around a feeder at 1/64 power and use a fast lens to get sharp images of the wings.